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/I' 


I^OWING  IN   AMERICA, 


B¥  ROBERT   B.  JOHIVSOIV, 


CONTAIMNO 


A  TREATISE  ON  ROWING,   TRAINING  AND  EXER- 
CISE, WITH  ALL  NECESSARY  INFORMA- 
TION  FOR  AMATEUR  AND  PRO- 
FESSIONAL  OARSMEN. 


^ 


ALSO 


A  HISTORY  OP  ROWING:  ITS  INTRODnCTTION  AND  DKTBLOPHENT 

IN  AMERICA,  BIOORAPniGAL  SKETCHES  OF  PROMINENT 

OARSMEN,  DESCRIPTION  OF  B0AT-BUirj)INO, 

DICTIONARY  OF  BOATINO  TERMS, 

,  '/     ■  \.  ETC.,  ETC.,  WITH  CONTRI- 

BUTI0N8  FROM 


WILLIAM  BLAIKIE, 
JOSHUA  WARD, 
0.  P.  KUNHARDT, 

ROBERT 


BEN  J.  F.  BRADY, 
STEPHEN  ROBERTS, 
A.  McC.  DUNCAN, 
FULTON. 


MILWAUKEE. 

OOBBITT  *  JOairaOH,  rVBUIBUS. 


UTl. 


..^,JS!m 


M 


I 


(tV7  94 


Kntcred.  »o«ordlnf[  to  Act  of  CongreM,  In  the  ye»r  ISTl, 

Bi  UOBT.  B.  JOHNSON, 
In  the  Office  of  the  Libr»rUn  of  Congress,  at  WMblnjton. 


^:vr-^.;>'  '•!:■" 


•    t 


'j^liai.'iMWlv. 


..  -..      ,  .    .-  ^,„A-.-l->- ■J:,^-I^J>'*  '".^.Sjrai 


,s^-.^-t' Ufcs'w*^'^****'  '^ 


(tV7  96, 


•r  ISTl, 
«biD7ton. 


M. 


..  .:,,x.  ,,    -      .      -    .  TO  ; 

WILLIAM  BLAIKIE,      I         BBNJ.  P.  BRADY, 

BOSTON.  I  NBW  TOBK. 

Two   honorable  and  honored  American  Amateur  Club  and    College  Oani- 
men,  thli  Work  la  inscribed,  a*  a  (light  recognition  of  their 
noble  effort!  in  behalf  of  American  Rowing, 
and  as  a  mark  of  personal  esteem,  by 

THIS  AUTHOR. 


1  ;?\ 


\m 


Mif  ■**-,■  -■•y*^ 


mimmsammm^ 


ACKNOWLEDGMENT. 


It  is  with  the  greatest  pleasure  that,  in  placing  this  Work 
before  the  Rowing  Men  of  America,  I  am  able  to  mention  the 
names  of  a  few  who  have  cheerfully  given  all  the  assistance  in 
their  power,  with  no  other  reward  than  the  knowledge  of  having 
done  all  that  in  them  lay,  to  advance  the  cause  of  Rowing  in 

America. 

If  the  "Work  is  not  popular,  it  will  not  be  because  the  Row- 
ing Men  of  the  country  neglected  to  try  and  make  it  so. 

To  the  following  gentlemen, then,  I  return  my  sincere  thanks 
as  well  as  to  a  hundred  others,  some  of  whom  I  am  not  at, 
liberty  to  mention : — 

WILUAM  BLAIKIE "<'•«"'>  M*"" 

•  BENJAMIN  F.  BRADY, New  York  City. 

JOSHUA  WARD t"'"?  u  nl. 

STEPUKN  ROBERTS Now  York  City. 

0.  P.  KUNIIARDT,. -United  Stale.  Navy. 

J.  II.  GIRVIN. A;»'»"y>  ^J- 

J.  HARRY  LEE Baltimore,  Md. 

GEO.  K.  WRIGHT Milwaukee,  Wl.. 

R.  E.  CLEMENS ^'^'''  ^"'""" 

B.  RUSSELL  BERRY Milwaukee.Wls. 

A.  MoO.  DUNCAN, Savannah,  Oa. 


PREFACE. 


;  this  Work 
mention  the 
isBistance  in 
Igo  of  having 
f  Rowing  in 

ise  the  Row- 
it  so. 

ncere  thanks 
[  am  not  at, 


oaton,  Mam. 
'  York  City. 
nwBll,  N.  y. 
V  York  Cily. 
States  tiavy. 
Ibany,  N.  Y. 
Itlmore,  Md. 
raukee,  Wis. 
,Erle,  Penn. 
vaukee,Wie. 
vannah,  Oa. 


This  littlo  volumo,  whoso  object  is  to  treat  of  Rowing, 
Training,  Racing,  Exoroiao,  etc.,  in  all  their  bearings,  was 
ready  for  publication  early  last  fall,  but  the  parties  with 
whom  I  had  supposed  a  definite  arrangement  concluded  for 
its  publication,  seeing  fit  to  avail  themselves  of  a  very  small 
hole  through  which  to  escape  from  their  engagement,  made  it 
necessary  to  hold  it  over  until  the  present  time. 

The  merely  keeping  back  the  publication  of  the  Work, 
until  this  day,  although  a  disappointment,  would  not  be 
nearly  so  great,  were  it  not  that  the  delay  has  necessitated 
many  changes  in  the  arrangement  of  the  matter,  while  some 
portions  of  the  manuscript  before  intended  for  publication, 
have  been  left  out  entire,  and  others  rewritten,  making  a 
task,  which,  much  as  I  am  devoted  to  the  cause,  I  would 
^villingly  have  escaped.  While  I  am  aware  that  many  errors, 
j'l'St,  from  the  nature  and  manner  of  its  preparation,  have 
c:  ^pt  into  the  Work,  whether  of  theory  or  composition,  or 
both,  I  must  plead,  as  an  excuse,  that  of  John  Locke, 
in  the  preface  to  his  "Human  Understanding:"  "I  will 
not  deny  but  that,  possibly,  it  might  be  reduced  to  a  nar- 
rower compass  than  it  is ;  and  that  some  parts  of  it  might 
be  contracted,  the  way  it  has  been  writ  in,  by  catches,  and 
many  long  intervals  of  interruption,  being  apt  to  cause  some 


6  I'KEKACK. 

ropctitifiriH.      Hut  to  confess  the  truth,  I  am  now  too  lazy,  or 
too  busy,  to  make  it  shorter." 

It  has  been  saitJ  that  a  fashion  prevails,  of  late,  with  au- 
thors, in  lieu  of  identifying  the  preliminary  pages  with  the 
subject  matter  of  the  Work,  to  embody  in  them  an  apology 
for  intruding,  somewhat  after  the  style  of  Mr.  Paul  Pry,  and 
that  the  difficulty  of  disguising  this  under  an  "excuse"  for 
publication  amounts  to  more  than  the  toils  of  authorship. 

The  exception  to  this,  says  the  same  cynical  authority,  is 
to  be  found  in  the  preface  of  an  author  who  claims  a  philan- 
thropic motive  for  the  publication  of  his  book,  while  still  an- 
other was  forced  to  succumb  to  the  entreaties  of  innumerable 
friends,  and  print  his  little  collection.  In  my  position,  as 
author  of  this  volume,  I  think  I  may  be  excepted,  in  both 
these  degrees,  from  the  above  charge.  .In  the  first,  the  ob- 
ject is  to  develop  and  encourage,  among  the  youth  of  Ameri- 
ca, a  love  for  exorcise,  and  more  especially  that  of  Rowing  ; 
while,  at  the  same  time,  it  is  a  complete  instructor  upon 
everything  pertaining  thereto.  In  the  second,  although  my 
friends  were  not  so  uncharitable  as  to  urge  mo  to  sacrifice 
myself  upon  the  altar  of  literary  ambition,  in  the  manner  re- 
ferred to,  they  yet  accorded  me  such  encouragement  and  as- 
sistance as  led  me  to  take  the  risk.  Two  years  ago,  a  cer- 
tain Boat  Club  just  organizing,  desired  to  obtain  a  book 
which  should  teach  them  the  proper  system  of  Rowing  and 
Training.  They  tried  all  the  leading  publishing  houses, 
but  no  such  Work  was  to  be  had.  A  little  later,  the  Har- 
vard vs.  Oxford  Race,  was  about  to  take  place,  and  innum- 
erable articles  appeared  in  every  newspaper  in  America, 
some  stating  that  the  Harvards  did  not  pull  an  American 
"stroke," — others  that  they  did.    Some  said  that  their  "form" 


« 


PKr.tAcr.. 


too  lazy,  or 

ito,  with  au- 
Tfs  with  the 
1  an  apology 
aul  Pry,  and 
excuse"  for 
thoinhip. 
authority,  is 
iins  a  philan- 
rhilo  still  an- 

innumerablo 

position,  as 
ited,  in  both 
first,  the  ob- 
th  of  Anicri- 

of  Rowing ; 
itructor  upon 

although  my 
0  to  sacrifice 
10  manner  ro- 
ment  and  as- 
8  ago,  a  cer- 
btain  a  book 

Rowing  and 
ihing  houses, 
iter,  the  Har- 
I,  and  innum- 

in  America, 
an  American 

their  "form" 


was  diRcrcnt  from  flmt  of  the  Knglishmen,  and,  just  previ- 
ous to  the  rare,  urticlen  appeared  in  the  prominent  English 
journals,  stating  that  "  Harvard,  at  the  last  moment,  adopts 
the  Knglish  "  stroke."  This,  of  course,  with  a  view  to  pave 
the  way  to  a  possible  defeat  of  the  Oxfords. 

It  was  with  these  facts  before  me.  and  a  knowledge  that 
no  special  system  of  Rowing  and  Trnining  appeared  to  be 
universally  adopted  in  America,  tjiat  1  undertook  the  task  of 
writing  a  treatise  on  these  subjects,  and  submitting  thoni 
to  the  rowing  fraternity  of  America. 

Boating  has  become  so  prominent  among  the  recreative 
arts,  in  America,  during  the  past  few  years,  and  interna- 
tional contests,  giving  rise  to  long  and  earnest  discussion 
upon  the  relative  merits  of  English  and  American  training, 
have  been  so  frequent  that  the  want  of  some  real  American 
autliority  has  been  severely  felt,  and.  in  this  volume,  1  mod- 
estly lay  claim  to  this  authority. 

Wherever  I  have  felt  a  doubt  upon  any  point,  I  have  not 
licsitated  to  consult  the  best  authorities,  before  giving  a  posi- 
tive opinion,  and  where  such  authorities  seriously  conflict, 
I  have  advised  a  course  that  may  be  pur.'iued  with  safety. 

The  contributions,  by  the  gentlemen  whose  mimes  accom- 
pany them,  will  add  much  of  value  to  it,  as  they  arc  promi- 
nently known  as  boating  men.  In  regard  to  the  reliability 
of  this  Work,  I  can  only  say  that,  a  year  ago,  I  sent  out 
circulars  soliciting  information  and  assistance,  and  that  since 
that  time,  I  have  been  in  correspondence  with  the  leading 
amateur  and  professional  oarsmen  on  this  side  of  the  Atlan- 
tic, most  all  of  whom  have  assisted  we  in  many  ways,  and 
whose  views  upon  these  subjects  can  be  traced,  in  various 
parts  of  the  volume,  by  those  acquainted  with  them. 


1 


H  I'llKKARH. 

I  at  first  intoiidotl,  and  litul  jjrt'imrt'd,  an  &w,mui  of  all 
the  prominont  llacoH  iu  tlii?  history  of  American  Rowing, 
liuttht'Ho  I  have  cut  down  to  a  hmuiU  (lompaM,  upon  tho  ad- 
vice of  loading  oaramon,  aH  tlic  record  would  only  bo  com- 
plete to  the  date  of  publiention.  I  had  also  a  history  of  all 
tho  Clubs  in  AiTierica,  wliich  would  have  been  publisliod,  had 
tho  Work  appeared  in  time ;  but  I  now  tlirow  them  out.  re- 
luctantly, as  a  catalogue  is  being  jjrepared  by  a  prominent 
boat-building  firm,  which  will  give  them  in  full. 

In  conclusion,  I  must  bog  that  tho  oarsmen  of  America  bo 
not  too  critical  in  their  examination  of  tho  Work,  but,  taking 
tho  will  for  tho  deed,  accept  It  as  tho  offering  of  one  who  de- 
sires to  do  what  he  can  for  the  cause  of  American  Rowino. 

ROBERT  B.  JOHNSON. 

MiLWAUKEB,  March  Ist,  1871. 


•ii 


;i>unt  of  uU 
in  llowiiig, 
pon  tho  ad- 
jly  bo  com- 
iatory  of  all 
bliHliod,  had 
cm  out,  ro- 
1  proiuinont 

America  bo 

but,  taking 

one  who  do- 

KV  Rowing. 

HNSON. 


<^efk-J^M'--''^-f- 


I: 


■n 


EXERCISE, 


ITS    RBLATION    TO    HEALTH. 


However  great  may  have  been  the  advances  of  tlie  mod- 
erns in  science,  and  in  multiplying  the  resources  of  art,  they 
are  still  inferior  to  the  ancients  (more  particularly  the 
Greeks  and  Romans)  in  a  knowledge  and  practice  of  tho 
union  of  physical  with  mental  culture. 

Until  of  late  years,  there  seemed  to  be  no  medium  be- 
tween, on  the  one  hand,  an  almost  total  seclusion  of  youth  to 
the  sacrifice  of  their  health  and  bodily  vigor,  and  on  the 
other,  a  constant  addiction  to  rough  sports,  to  the  neglect  of 
all  intellectual  and  moral  improvement.  If  the  youth,  at 
school  or  college,  indulged  in  exercise,  it  was  either  irregu- 
lar, forced,  and  violent,  or  so  unnatural  as  to  deform  and  re- 
tard the  growth  of  the  whole  body,  by  the  too  exclusive  use 
of  a  single  limb. 

Looking  at  the  subject  in  a  medical  light,  it  may  be  con- 
sidered a  doubtful  point,  whether  all  the  resources  wliich 
chemistry  has  now  placed  at  the  disposal  of  a  physician,  in 
such  a  variety,  of  the  most  powerful  mineral  preparations 
and  active  principles  of  vegetables,  are  not  counterbalanced 
by  a  neglect  and  ignorance  of  the  combined  power  of  regimen 
and  methodical,  yet  varied  exercise,  on  which  many  of  the 
ancients  laid  such  emphasis,  and  in  the  employment  of  which 
they  were  so  often  successful. 


12 


EXSRCISK. 


It  is  generally  thought  sufficient,  with  us,  to  cultivate  the 
mind  by  written  and  oral  instruction,  and  leave  the  body  to 
rust  or  waste,  as  individual  caprice  may  prompt.  Every 
reader  of  history  knows  that  the  Greek  and  Roman  youth 
were  treated  after  a  very  different  method.  Strength  of 
body  and  endurance  of  fatigue,  were  not  then  thought  in- 
compatible with  easy  and  graceful  movements,  finished  de- 
livery in  speech,  and  the  sublimest  speculations  in  philo- 
sophy. The  education  of  the  Greeks  ( the  Lacedaemonians  ex- 
cepted) consisted  of  four  principal  branches,  viz:  The 
gymnastic  exercises,  letters,  including  oratory  and  philoso- 
phy, music  and  painting. 

The  Gymnasia  were  schools  for  all  manly  exercises,  to  give 
robustness  to  the  frami .  and  to  preserve  it  iu  the  plentitude 
of  health,  while  at  the  same  time,  it  became  the  bettei  pre- 
pared to  endure  the  fatigues  and   privations  of  war.     The 
five  principal  exercises  practiced  in  these  establishments,  and 
subsequently  in  the  national  games,  or  festivals,  were  run- 
ning, wrestling,  boxing,  throwing  the  discus,  or  quoit,  and 
leaping.     To  these,  it  is  claimed  by  some,  should  be  added 
the  contest  for  the  javelin.     Not  only  was  muscular  power 
increased  l)y  these  means,  but  the  senses  were  rendered  more 
acute,   and  the  facQities  for  acquiring  knowledge,  through 
these  important,   and,  indeed,   only  channels,  were  greatly 
increased.     The  connection  between  the  efforts  of  the  mind, 
and  feats  of  bodily  strength  and  agility,   was  formally  ac- 
knowledged, not  only  in  the  practices  of  some  of  the  most 
distinguished  statesmen  and   philosophers  of  antiquity,  but 
also  in  the  fact  of  prizes  being  disputed  in  the  Olympic  games, 
for  history,  poetry  and  eloquence,  as  well  as  for  the  exercises 
already  mentioned.     Herodotus  recited  the  nine  books  of  his 


^ 


EXERCISE. 


18 


cultivate  tlio 
the  body  to 
ipt.  Every 
ionian  youth 
Strength  of 
I  thought  in- 
finished  dc- 
)na  in  philo- 
Ecmonians  cx- 
,  viz:  The 
and   philoso- 

reiscs,  to  give 
be  plentitude 
e  bettei  pre- 
)f  war.  The 
ishnients,  and 
la,  were  run- 
or  quoit,  and 
uld  be  added 
iscular  power 
endered  more 
edge,  through 
were  greatly 
i  of  the  mind, 
s  formally  ac- 
j  of  the  most 
mtiquity,  but 
lympic  games, 
•  the  exercises 
e  books  of  hiB 


history  at  these  games,  and  Sophocles  is  said  to  have  expired 
through  py,  at  receiving  a  poetical  prize  at  them. 

Gymnastics  has  been  defined  :  "  The  art  of  regulating  the 
movements  of  the  body,  in  order  to  develop  its  strength,  to 
improve  its  agility,  its  pliancy,  and  its  powers ;  to  preserve 
or  re-establish  health,  it  is  intended,  in  fact,  to  enlarge  the 
moral  and  physical  faculties."  Gymnastics  maybe  studied 
under  several  points  of  view,  such  as  in  reference  to  the 
means  and  processes  employed,  its  application  to  the  study  r.f 
the  Olympic  games,  and  military  exercises,  and  finally,  its 
uses  in  hygiene  and  therapeutics,  or  to  the  preservation  of 
health  and  cure  of  disease.  Herodicus  has  been  regarded  as 
the  founder  of  medical  gymnastics,  although  Galen  refers  to 
Esculapius,  as  one  of  long  anterior  date,  who  gave  directions 
on  this  head. 

Herodicus,  by  following  his  own  maxims  of  exerciso,  from 
being  a  valitudinary,  became  healthy  and  robust.  He  has 
been  accused  of  being  somewhat  empirical  in  his  directions  ; 
and  it  was  left  for  his  pupil,  Hipocrates,  to  give  method  and 
consistency  to  this  branch  of  the  healing  art.  The  latter 
recommends  gymnastic  exercises  in  many  parts  of  his  treati- 
ses on  diet  and  regimen.  Celsus,  his  imitator  and  admirer, 
was  very  particular  in  pointing  out  the  gymnastics  applicable 
to  the  diseases  of  which  he  speaks. 

Galen,  in  his  dififerent  works,  gives  precepts  on  the  appli- 
cation of  methodical  exercise.  But  the  object  of  this  intro- 
duction is  not  to  urge  a  resort  to  gymnattics,  or  any  special 
form  of  exercise,  so  that  it  be  "  exercise,"  and  not  an  "  air- 
ing," which  some  people  are  in  the  habit  of  taking  every 
week,  perhaps,  every  day,  no  matter  which,  in  a  close  ba- 
rouche or  other  vehicle,  which  does  not  do  them  as  much 


V 


\'i 


14 


BXEIlCtSE. 


good  as  if  thoy  were  to  reolino  for  an  hour  in  a  pitch-pi  no 
coffin,  as  the  surroundings  in  the  latter  position  might  possi- 
bly soften  the  heart,  while  those  of  the  former  would  not  cer- 
tainly toughen  the  body. 

The  vanity  of  parents,  by  which  they  urge  their  children 
to  excessive  exercise  of  their  mental  faculties — that  is,  of  the 
brain,  is  either  productive  of  inflammation  of  this  organ, 
ending  in  death,  or  throws  it  into  such  a  state  of  lassitude  as 
to  give  rise  to  mental  imbecility,  perhaps,  downright  idiocy, 
in  after  life.  G  rown  and  aged  persons  are  too  apt  to  forget 
that  confinement  in  a  close  room,  and  continued  application 
of  the  mind  to  one  subject,  for  hours,  which  they  allow  them- 
selves, though  not  always  with  impunity,  cannot  be  practiced 
by  children  whose  organs,  muscular  and  nervous,  that  is,  of 
locomotion  and  sensation,  require  continued  variety  and 
space,  and  fresh  air.  Every  part  in  the  young  is  growing 
and  impressible,  and  every  part  must  receive  its  due  propor- 
tion of  stimulus  and  exercise. 

Without  fresh  air,  and  indulgence  in  bodily  sports,  respir- 
ation cannot  be  fully  performed.  Of  course,  the  blood  can- 
not undergo  the  changes  which  fit  it  for  carrying  nutrimental 
matter  adapted  to  the  wants  of  the  several  parts  of  the  sys- 
tem, such  as  earthly  matter  to  the  bones,  fibrin  to  the  mus- 
cles, and  so  on.  Digestion,  of  necessity,  becomes  impaired. 
The  external  senses  are  all  in  a  state  of  forced  inactivity, 
except,  perhaps,  the  eye  ;  and  this,  instead  of  being  exercised 
in  looking  at  the  innumerable  objects  in  nature,  is  being 
ground  down  in  attempting  to  read  small  print.  A  lack  of 
sufficient  bodily  exercise  is  not  only  prejudicial  to  the  mind 
and  future  usefulness  and  greatness,  but  it  injures  the  health 
and  destroys,  irredeemably,  the  natural  cheerfulness  of  early 


KXRRCISE 


15 


a  pitch-pi  tio 

might  possi- 

eould  not  cor- 

thcir  children 
:hat  is,  of  tlie 
'  this  organ, 
f  lassitude  as 
nright  idiocy, 

apt  to  forget 
jd  application 
y  allow  them- 
t  be  practiced 
is,  that  is,  of 

variety  and 
ig  is  growing 
8  due  propor- 

sports,  respir- 
le  blood  can- 
g  nutrimental 
ts  of  the  sys- 
1  to  the  mus- 
les  impaired, 
ed  inactivity, 
iing  exercised 
ure,  is  being 
t.  A  lack  of 
[  to  the  mind 
res  the  health 
Iness  of  early 


life,  making  it,   l)y  cruel  anticipation,   a  depository  of  tlie 
anxieties  and  despondency  of  old  ago. 

On  the  advantage  of  exercise  in  the  open  air,  people  are 
generally  agreed ;  but  false  theory,  indulgence,  excessive 
thirst  after  riches  and  literary  renown,  present  so  many  ob- 
stacles, in  the  way  of  giving  to  this  opinion  more  than  the 
force  of  an  abstract  truth,  that  the  majority  of  mankind  suf- 
fer from  neglect  of  a  habit, — that  of  walking, — which  it  is  in 
the  power  o£  nearly  all  to  practice. 

We  run  with  avidity,  after  dormant  balances,  steel  and 
whalebone  splints  and  the  like,  under  the  expectation  of 
getting  a  little  support  for  a  weak  back,  or  to  correct  a  pro- 
pensity to  stoop,  or  to  lean  a  little  to  one  side.  But  we  re- 
ceive coldly,  a  demonstration  of  success,  in  correcting  these 
infirmities,  by  the  simple  and  natural  process  of  exercise, 
and  the  consequent  strengthening  of  the  muscles  of  these 
parts,  which,  together  with  the  ligaments,  are  the  true  sup- 
porters and  bracers  of  the  back  bone.  Out-door  exercise  can- 
not, with  us,  be  so  active,  persistent,  and  varied,  as  in 
(xreat  Britain,  France  and  Germany,  as  there  are  few  coun- 
tries in  the  world  in  which  so  marked  a  difference  prevails 
between  the  temperature  of  winter  and  that  of  summer,  as 
in  the  United  States.  These,  it  is  true,  embrace  a  diversity 
of  climates,  and  yet  the  remark  just  made,  applies  to  all  the 
States  in  the  Union,  except  the  extreme  Southern  ones. 
So  vivid  a  contrast  between  these  seasons,  requires  of  the 
inhabitants,  a  mode  of  living  and  stylo  of  dress,  and  even 
intellectual  efforts,  strongly  contrasted.  Wo  ought,  in  the 
summer,  to  adopt  all  the  precautions  of  even  a  rigid  hygiene, 
but  in  the  winter,  to  use  a  more  substantial  and  nutritive 
aliment,  in  conjunction  with  numerous  sports  and  athletic 


ifHS'TS^:: 


16 


BXERClBt'. 


cxerciscK,  aR  well  to  give  present  vigor  as  to  prevent  future 
disease,  and  a  freedom  from  languor  and  debility  may  be  ex- 
pected the  following  summer.     Many  of  these  will  bo  the 
more  beneficial  by  being  voluntarily  had  recourse  to  without 
the  entreaties  of  friends  or  the  formal  advice  of  a  physician. 
If  the  youths  who  glory  in  the  excitement  of  an  English 
game  of  "hockey,"  known  in  America  by  the  homely  name  of 
"shjnney"  could  persuade  their  dyspeptical  fathers  and  nervous 
mothers  to  walk  out  and  witness  their  exhibitions,  and  occa- 
sionally to  extend  their  walks  around  the  water  course  or 
rivers,  or  around  the  ponds,  which  are  the  theatre  for  the 
display  of  agility  and  address  in  skating  and  sliding,  these 
latter  worthy  personages  would  be  more  willing  to  retire  to 
bed  betimes  ;  would  sleep  sounder,  and  would  awake  in  the 
morning  with  a  less  feeling  of  the  horrors,  than  some  of  them 
are  wont  to  complain  of.     But,  more's  the  pity,  this  is  not 
the  case.     Practice  and  experience  are  words  of  great  power 
in  the  social  concerns  of  life,  and  give  their  possessors  much, 
and  merited  influence,  over  others  less  practiced  and  less  ex- 
perienced.    But  feeling  the  deficiencies  which  kept  themselves 
in  ignorance  of  much  that  is  useful  and  profitable  in  this  life, 
are  men  sufiiciently  alive  to  the  means  of  protecting  those 
over  whom  they  have  charge,  from  the  sinister  influences, 
which,  in  earlier  life,  may  have  pressed  on  them.     The  whis- 
perings of  vanity  are  more  readily  listened  to  than  the  sug- 
gestions of  wisdom,  and  the  health  of  a  child  is  oftentimes 
sacrificed  to  the  love  of  exhibition  in  a  parent.     But  it  is  not 
necessary  to  dwell  any  longer  upon  the  criminal  system,  now 
so  prevalent,  of  cooping  up  and  restraining  children  in  their 
desire,  which  is  a  natural  and  common  one,  to  all  creatures, 
to  exercise  the  physical  faculties  which  God  has  given  them. 


m 


I  V 

up 
cer 
thr 

of 
of 
tal 
cm 
hu 
he 
mc 
In 
is  I 
tiv 
of 
pn 
les 
exi 


KXEIlOIfiE. 


17 


event  future 
y  may  bo  ex- 
will  bo  the 
3  to  without 
a  physician, 
f  an  English 
raely  name  of 
B  and  nervous 
ns,  and  occa- 
ter  course  or 
eatro  for  the 
sliding,  these 
g  to  retire  to 
awake  in  the 
some  of  them 
;y,  this  is  not 
'  great  power 
isessors  much, 
I  and  less  ex- 
ipt  themselves 
tie  in  this  life, 
)tccting  those 
ter  influences, 
1.     The  whis- 
than  the  sug- 
is  oftentimes 
But  it  is  not 
1  system,  now 
ildren  in  their 
I  all  creatures, 
IS  given  them. 


I  will  allude,  in  a  few  brief  lines,  to  the  position  of  a  grown 
up  boy,  or  young  man,  at  college.  Wo  here  find  the  adoles- 
cent, hardly  more  gifted  in  the  use  of  his  senses  and  linib.«, 
than  the  child. 

He  learns  the  various  figures  of  speech,  tlie  l)cautics 
of  classic  authors  ;  but  is  often  ignorant  of  the  division 
of  the  kingdoms  of  nature,  or  of  the  dass  of  the  vege- 
tables which  furnish  his  daily  food.  lie  goes  into  tho 
country,  without  even  a  knowledge  of  the  implements  of 
husbandry,  still  less  of  the  way  to  handle  them  ;  or,  perhaps 
he  goes  on  board  a  vessel,  hardly  knowing  what  a  compass 
means,  and  fearful  of  climbing  a  few  steps  up  the  rigging. 
In  fine,  the  well  educated  youth,  as  ho  from  college 
is  sometimes  called,  enters  the  world  unfitted  to  take  an  ac- 
tive part  in  its  concerns,  to  appreciate  the  merits  and  wants 
of  his  fellow  citizens,  to  aid  or  counsel  them  in  any  one 
practical  enterprise  or  useful  labor.  And  whence  this  help- 
lessness, this  grown  childliood?  Mainly  from  a  want  of  natural 
exercise. 

The  object  of  exercise  is  to  secure  that  vigor  of  body, 
which  is  indispensable  to  the  performance  of  other  duties, 
and  that  permanent  strength  of  constitution,  without  which 
there  is  little  hope  of  happiness  or  usefulness.  It  is  justly 
regarded  as  the  basis  of  success  in  other  branches  of  educa- 
tion, the  only  means  of  ensuring  to  the  pupil  the  power  of 
employing,  in  future  life,  the  acciuisitions  which  he  makes  at 
so  great  an  expense  of  time  and  labor.  For  those  who  have 
not  felt  the  sad  evidence  of  this  in  years  of  debility,  it  is 
sufficient  to  point  to  the  numbers  of  literary  men  who  are 
annually  obliged  to  abandon  their  pursuits,  either  partially  or 
entirely,   because  the  body  is  incapable  of  sustaining  the 

it 


.,^^^s#,«fe£it'!WB.i.diiibsk*.W4«i«»^ 


i 


18 


BXERCISH, 


mind  in  its  efforts.  They  need  only  observe  tlio  inuUitu.lo 
of  others  who,  with  ample  intellectual  preparations,  maintain 
with  difficulty,  an  artificial  and  painful  existence,  and  whoso 
physical  debility  prevents  them  from  exploring  the  depths 
of  science,  and  soaring  to  heights  of  speculation,  which  they 
feel  to  be  within  their  grasp,  but  pant  in  vain  to  reach. 

Disease  will  generally  come  suddenly,   violently,  and  fre- 
quently enough,  even  when  we  do  our  best  to  avoid  it,   but 
to  take  no  measures  to  ward  it  off,  and  even  to  court  it,  as  is 
HO  often  done,  and  in  so  many  different  ways,  is  criminal  in 
the  extreme.     The  summer  season  puts  us  of  the  northern 
and  middle  latitudes,  in  nearly  the  same  physiological  condi- 
tion in  which  the  inhabitants  of  southern  climates  are,  most 
of  the  year  round.     If  wc  would  avoid  disturbance  and  dis- 
ease, headache  and  continued  thirst,  feverish  heat  and  actual 
fever,  flu.shed  skin,  or  one  covered  with  eruptions,  we  must 
imitate  these  latter  in  their  usual  diet,  and  substitute  vege- 
table for  much  of  the  animal  food  we  consume  in  the  winter, 
drink  simple  water,  or  this  fluid  slightly  acidulated,  or  deriv- 
ing flavor  from  dried  fruits.     We  should  rise  early  and  in- 
hale, when  not  in  marshy  districts,  the  morning  air ;  avoid 
the  hot  noon  and  afternoon  sun ;  use  the  tepid  or  warm  bath 
in  the  middle  of  the  day,  or  in  the  evening,  if  the  dinner  has 
been  very  simple  and  light,  and  taken  at  an  early  hour. 
They  who  awake  in  the  morning  with  a  hot  skin  and  active 
circulation,  may,  with  advantage,  have  recourse  to  the  cold 
bath,  or  to  sponging  the  surface  with  cold  water.     But  if  ex- 
cess of  any  kind  has  been  indulged  in   the  night  before, 
whether  in  eating  or  drinking,   or  dancing,  till  a  very  late 
hour,  the  cold  bath  ought  to  be  omitted  and  the  tepid  or 
warm  bath  substituted  for  it. 


K:(KnciHK. 


19 


vo  tlio  multitutlo 
•ations,  inuintaiii 
Mice,  ami  wliosu 
)riiig  the  depths 
tion,  which  they 
in  to  reach, 
olcntly,  and  fre- 
to  avoid  it,  but 
to  court  it,  as  is 
•s,  is  criminal  in 

of  the  northern 
ysiohigical  condi- 
limatcs  are,  most 
:urhancc  and  dis- 
1  heat  and  actual 
uptions,  we  must 

substitute  vege- 
,me  in  the  winter, 
idulatcd,  or  deriv- 
rise  early  and  in- 
Drning  air;  avoid 
!pid  or  warm  bath 
,  if  the  dinner  has 
it  an  early  hour. 
it  skin  and  active 
ourse  to  the  cold 
water.     But  if  cx- 
the  night  before, 
»,  till  a  very  late 
I  and  the  tepid  or 


'JEf  !'-"?^^t'  '• 


Health,  to  bo  won,  must  be  like  maidens  fair,  and  stately 
dames,  diligently  sought.  A  person  ignorant  or  negligent  of 
all  the  ruli'S  of  hygiono  may  for  ii  time  retain  comfortable 
liodily  feelings — so  will  occasionally  an  eccentric  beau,  a  "  bete 
farouche  "  of  a  man,  attract  female  regard,  perchance  love  ; 
but  both  are  surely  trying  critical  experiments  ;  and,  it  must 
bo  admitted  that  the  rules  of  Cornaro  in  the  first,  and  of 
Chesterfield,  on  Politeness,  in  the  second  instance,  arc  much 
safer  and  pleasantcr  of  general  application.  Country  air  is 
very  grateful,  refreshing  and  invigorating  ;  but  it  does  not 
shield  a  person  against  a  country  sun  at  noon,  or  chilling  dews 
at  midnight.  Drinking  mineral  water  and  sea  bathing  are 
often  admirable  recuperative  agencies,  but  they  are  not  anti- 
flotes  against  the  eifects  of  gormandising,  drinking  freely  of 
strong  liquors  at  dinner,  or  heavy  suppers,  late  hours  and 
dancing.  Rural  scenes  gladden  the  mind,  and  by  imparting 
cheerfulness,  improve  the  health  ;  but  their  influence  will  not 
extend  through  the  walls  and  closed  doors  of  a  fashionable 
hotel,  however  romantic  and  picturesque  a  country  it  may  be 
in ;  nor  will  rouge,  artificial  flowers,  and  the  German,  even 
in  such  places,  be  substitutes  for  the  fresh  breeze  fanning  the 
cheek,  flowers  in  all  their  native  bloom,  and  variegated  colors, 
gathered  by  the  party  himself,  and  a  gallop  on  a  docile  steed, 
or  a  row  on  a  placid  stream.  Fortunately,  however,  within 
the  last  year,  since  the  opening  of  railroad  communication 
with  Colorado  and  Nevada,  has  placed  it  within  the  power  of 
all  to  avail  themselves  of  the  healthful  air  and  pure  water  of 
these  mountainous  territories,  those  who  can  be  benefitted 
by  these  agents,  can  find  them  here,  and  at  the  same  time 
will  live  on  plain,  pure  fare,  which  is  far  from  being  the  case 
at  the  water  cures,  so-called. 


20 


EXBRCIXE. 


The  liypochoiidriiiP,  whether  from  imloloneo  or  the  oppress- 


ive cares  of  business  nr  study,  or  disiippointed  love,  (a  pos- 
sible though  not  very  probHl)le  ease),  will  not  recover  the 
tone  of  his  spirits  by  merely  going  into  the  country  and  visit- 
ing a  watering  place,  and  while  there,  spending  his  mornings 
ill  a  billiard  room,  and  his  evenings  in  flirting,  witli  the  little 
interludes  of  yawning  over  a  novel,  or  talking  politics  after 
dinner.  Change  of  jilace,  to  be  beneficial,  by  restoring  the 
body  to  healthful  vigor,  and  the  nnnd  to  its  lost  equanimity 
and  cheerfulness,  must  be  aided  by  the  rules  of  hygiene, 
which  are  little  else  than  common  sense  experience,  eating 
and  drinking,  sleep  and  exercise,  in  such  measure  and  times, 
as  the  majority  of  those  not  perverted  by  vicious  indulgence 
nor  excessive  love  of  lucre  and  fame,  have  ever  most  gener- 
ally adhered  to.  Two  of  the  chief  means  by  which  Hygiea 
dispenses  her  l)enetits,  to  those  of  her  votaries  who  visit  min- 
eral springs  and  watering  places  generally  are  bathing,  and 
drinking  the  waters  of  the  famed  f(junt.  The  benefits  from 
the  first,  or  liathing,  are  mainly  referable  to  ablution,  and 
the  effects  depending  on  the  temperature  of  the  bath,  rather 
than  to  any  mineral  impregnation  in  the  water. 

Of  course,  the  citizen,  doomed  to  keep  the  limits,  can  as  well 
enjoy  the  bath,  as  he  who  climbs  the  Alleghany,  or  immerses 
himself  in  the  waters  of  the  Atlantic  ocean.  What  are  called 
medicinal  baths  may,  indeed,  from  the  influence  of  faith,  pro- 
duce wonderful  results  in  the  same  manner  as  miracles  have 
been  wrought  in  periods  of  superstition,  at  fountains  which 
have  been  hallowed  by  some  patron  saint.  Their  natural  efli- 
cacy  was  improved  by  their  supernatural  reputation.  They 
were  really  salutary  because  they  were  supposed  to  be  sacred. 


■; 


-  cfeg— y- 


KXKUCISK. 


l\ 


c  or  the  oppress- 
ed love,   (a  pos- 
not  recover  the 
Duntry  uixl  visit- 
ing his  mornings 
g,  witii  the  little 
,ng  polities  after 
l»y  restoring  the 
I  l<i8t  equanimity 
ules  of  hygiene, 
xperience,  eating 
[isuro  and  times, 
ieious  indulgence 
ever  most  gener- 
hy  which  Ilygiea 
ca  who  visit  min- 
aro  bathing,  and 
Dho  benefits  from 
to  ablution,  and 
'  the  bath,  rather 
ter. 

limits,  can  as  well 
lany,  or  immerses 
"What  are  called 
ence  of  faith,  pro- 
as miracles  have 
t  fountains  which 
Their  natural  effi- 
eputation.  They 
osed  to  be  sacred. 


It  was  the  imputed  holiness  of  the  woll,  which  gave  it,  in  a 
great  measure,  its  healing  quality. 

The  priests  of  I'aganism  knew  how  to  turn  natural  gifts 
and  phenomena  to  account  in  favor  of  suj)erstition,  when  they 
erected  temples  near  or  over  a  mineral  or  thermal  spring,  and 
made  the  invalids  who  came  to  invoke  tiio  assistance  of  their 
favorite  goil,  undergo  a  tegular  course  of  bathing.  An  ar- 
rangement of  this  kind  is  still  evident  in  the  ruins  of  the 
temple  of  Jupiter  Serapis,  near  Naples.  The  warm  sulphur- 
ous water  of  an  adjoining  spring  was  diverted  into  basins  in 
wiiich  the  sick  and  infirm,  and  on  occasions,  we  may  presume, 
the  priests  themselves  and  the  attendants  of  the  temple  bathed. 

The  necessity  of  cutaneous  abstersion  to  comfort  and  health 
seems  to  have  been,  and  still  to  be,  more  generally  admittetl  by 
the  half  civilized  people  of  northern  Euroi)e  and  Asia  than 
by  those  who  boast  largely  of  their  refinement  and  knowledge, 
such  as  the  Anglo-Saxons  and  Anglo-Americans.  Even 
tiiey  wiio  visit  the  places  where  bathing  is  performed,  are  too 
indolent,  as  a  general  thing,  to  adojjt  the  practice,  and  they 
carry  home  tiie  dust  and  i)er.sjtirab!e  matter  accumulated  on 
the  skin  during  the  journey.  What  a  commentary  this  upon 
their  search  after  health. 

One  would  imagine  that  from  tlieir  conduct  they  enter- 
tained a  medical  theory  similar  to  that  of  a  tribe  inhabiting 
the  Great  Desert  in  Africa,  and  who  are  thus  noticed  by  a  mod- 
ern traveler:  "  No  people  have  greater  aversion  to  water 
than  tiie  Tuaricks  generally  have.  Even  in  performing  their 
necessary  purifications,  which  require  that  a  man  shovdd  wash 
in  a  particular  way,  before  his  prayers,  they  avoid  water  and 
make  use  of  sand.  Many  attenipts  were  made  by  us  to  dis- 
cover their  reason  for  keeping  in  such  a  dirty  state,  but  to  all 


"'fl^M^^r.  '9^^^^^^^^'^^ss^^if^  iT'-^x^^ 


I 


rtf 


I    ! 


IB! 


22 


RXEIiriHK. 


our  inquirlcH  the  Bamo  answer  waB  rt'turnod  :  '  (i'"l  nevor 
intended  that  man  flhould  injure  liin  health,  if  he  eould  avoid 
it ;  water  having  been  given  to  man  to  drink,  and  cook  with, 
it  does  not  agree  with  the  Hkin  of  a  Tuarick  who  alwajH  fall« 
gick  after  mucli  washing. '  "  It  were  most  earnestly  to  be  wished 
that  an  approximation  to  habits  of  this  kind  should  doom  the 
offender  to  a  residence  in  the  Great  Desert,  as  the  proper  asflo- 
oiato  uf  his  fcllow-savagcH. 

If  a  person  who  is  obliged  to  stay  at  home  during  the  sum- 
mer, should  regularly  take  a  warm  bath,  at  from  92"  to  96°, 
twice  a  week,  about  an  hour  before  dinner,  and  rub  his  skin 
with  a  coarse  towel  or  sponge  dipped  in  salt  and  water,  every 
morning  on  rising,  ho  will,  as  far  as  regards  bathing,  have 
little  cause  to  envy  his  more  fortunate  traveling  friend  for 
the  advantage  which  this  hitter  may  be  presumed  to  enjoy  ut 
some  famous  mineral  spring.  Nor  need  this  tarry-at-homo 
person  despair  of  deriving  benefit  from  drinking  every  morn- 
ing early,  and  at  noon,  a  tumbler  full  of  the  water  from  his 
own  spring  or  adjoining  lake  or  river,  with  the  addition  thereto 
of  a  saline  substance,  such  as  a  few  grains  of  common  .salt,  or 
a  tea  spoonful  of  epsom,  witli  a  few  grains  of  magnesia. 
Should  the  water  have  previously  contained  earthy  matters, 
rendering  it  unpalatable  or  disagreealdo  to  the  stomach  ;  or 
should  it  offend  and  lie  heavy  on  the  stomach,  in  consequence 
of  its  coldness,  it  should  bo  boiled  and  then  drank  of  a  tem- 
perature either  of  the  atmosphere,  or  tepid,  or  warm,  as  per- 
sonal experience  has  ascertained  to  be  most  salutary ;  still 
adding,  however,  the  ingredients  above  mentioned.  I  should, 
for  myself,  have  great  faith  in  the  pure  water  itself,  without 
any  addition,  the  more  particularly  if  all  spirituous  and  fer- 
mented li(iuors  were  to  be  abstained  from  at  the  same  time. 


it 
n 

ii 
ii 
s 
n 
n 
t 

a 
c 

c 

V 

c 

ti 
c 
n 
o 
c 

V 

V 
c 

e 


1^ 


^JS^assT. 


'.•Hiij\.^_iuMiimwmt 


»W"JW!*.JBWJ'" 


EXRRCIRR. 


28 


[|  :  '  (i"il  nevpr 
if  he  (sould  av<ml 
c,  and  cook  with, 
who  alwajH  fallr* 
estly  to  bo  wished 
should  doom  the 
8  the  proper  wwo- 

!  during  the  suni- 
from  O'i''  to  96°, 
and  rub  his  skin 
and  water,  every 
ds  bathing,  have 
veling  friend  for 
Luncd  to  enjoy  at 
lis  tarry-at-homo 
king  every  morn- 
10  water  from  his 
a  addition  thereto 
F  common  salt,  or 
tins  of  magnesia. 
I  earthy  matters, 
the  stomach  ;  or 
h,  in  eonsequenco 
drank  of  a  tem- 
or  warm,  as  per- 
st  salutary;  still 
tioned.  I  should, 
er  itself,  without 
jirituous  and  fer- 
it  the  same  time. 


Let  our  staid  citizen  put  iiimsclf  on  this  course  of  liathing 
and  drinking  "  mineral  "  water,  hs  above,  for  six  weeks  or  two 
months,  keep  good  hours,  take  a  walk  in  a  public  square,  or 
in  the  suburbs  of  the  city,  in  the  morning  fHui  m  the  even- 
ing, before  the  dew  begins  to  fall,  and  I  will  vendif  ■  to  ss- 
sure  him  that  he  will  be  alile  tn  advantageously  compare 
notes,  as  to  the  state  of  his  health  and  spirits,  with  very 
many  of  his  friends,  when  they  shall  have  returned  from  their 
trip  to  the  Springs  or  to  the  Hea  Shore. 

Health,  once  obtained  in  this  manner,  should  bo  retained, 
as  far  as  the  individual  himself  lias  the  power  to  retain  it,  by 
constant  and  judicious  exercise,  toutpprate  living,  and  a  lib- 
eral use  of  pure  air. 

No  special  game,  sport,  or  stylo  of  recreation,  lias  been  ad- 
vised in  these  opening  pages,  as  they  were  simply  intended  tn 
contain  a  few  remarks  upon  exercise  in  general,  in  its  rela- 
tion to  health  and  the  euro  of  disease.  The  recreation,  how- 
ever, of  which  all  the  succeeding  pages  treat,  is  llowing — the 
noblest,  manliest,  and  approaching  nearest  to  the  scientific, 
of  any  game,  or  sport,  or  play,  in  any  nation,  clinic  or 
country. 

As  a  recreation  calculated  to  strengthen  a  man's  or  a 
woman's  body,  as  well  as  to  improve  the  spirits  and 
pacify  the  mind.  I  would  recommend  it  to  all  who  need  ex- 
ercise— and  who  does  not?  as  affording  great  pleasureablo 
enjoyment  and  blessings  of  body  and  of  soul. 


Lll«^,UUIli.J»_. 


■SiS^sSSS'S^SsSJH^S'S?SSS!SS^^^^S*3 


5?v5^.f?i 


_.,,^.,-«rrBsif>&i^eKJ,3>'«S^-^r^^->-5*'?5*^^' 


■  isch?  ^'''■i'^j»'7'-*a---tf  6ia^^(pn3y«i#fP*^  « 


Rowiixg  as  an  Exercise. 


•.•j::^i?i^^v&^^^^p^^^''f^ 


jS>iiSii-.u!ii;. 


.iiS^asa®j(E«s«Sias&  .  -'  '."An'-^'«i-':M^^'^-r'-*^-<'^^*'^^Si^i^^^Sf^S':^' 


ROWING  AS  AN  EXERCISE. 


There  arc  those  people  who  are  always  endeavoring  to 
make  use  of  everything  or  anything,  which  may.  if  even  in 
the  most  insignif  cant  manner,  serve  to  introduce  them   to 

public  notice. 

Some  go  about  lecturing  upon  all  the  sensational  topics 
<.f  the  day;  others,  of   the  senatorial   class,    endeavor,  by 
introducing  some  law,  teeming  with  wise  provisions  and  sug- 
gestions, (so  they  think,)  to  win  public  favor,  as  a  modern 
Cincinnatus ;  while   the  Divinity  class,  many  of  them,    use 
what  little  ability  nature  has  endowed  them  with,  to  the  end 
„f  combining  the  sensational,  political  and  social  doctrines 
of  the  day,  with  a  few  moral  deductions  from  Scripture,  and 
giving  this  from  tlic  pulpit,  with  the  title  of  a  discourse,  as 
t^ie  Lord's  Word,  which  is  to  be  the  support  of  their  hear- 
ers in  their  hour  of  darkness;  their  food  and  drink  in  pover- 
ty ;  and,  in  time    of  sickness,   their  guiding  star  to  future 

glory. 

As  to  whether  or  not,  this  system  ensures  popularity  to 
the  preacher,  it  is  only  necessary  to  call  to  mind  the  leading 
Divines  of  the  present  day,  whose  "sermons"  are  either 
printed  in  full  in  pamphlet,  or  in  synopsis  in  the  public 
prints,  as  the  el)ullitions  of  great  minds,  which  shouhl  be 
given  to  the  "  people  "—at  twenty-five  cents  a  copy. 


^Uieiiii.^. 


i^VeHUPWMl^^ 


i,,i«K;«fi!k^»tfei«»&- -M 


y.i.5,*,sV««.ic*«*B»*SiBtSS<»^-  ^-^-"-^li^rJefcy 


ROWING    AS    AN    EXERCISE. 


27 


SE. 


ndeavoring  to 
lay,  if  even  in 
duce  thein   to 

sational  topics 

endeavor,  by 
isions  and  sug- 
T.  as  a  modern 

of  tlieni,  use 
ritli,  to  the  end 
iocial  doctrines 

Scripture,  and 
a  discourse,  as 

of  their  hcar- 
drink  in  pover- 

star  to  future 

;s  popidarity  to 
lind  the  leading 
ns  "  are  either 
9  in  the  public 
vhich  shoubl  be 
s  a  copy. 


There  is  another  clas.s  of  would-be  popular  men,  who  en- 
deavor, to  the  best  of  their  ability,  which,  fortunately,  is 
not  very  great,  to  write  down  many  of  the  harmless  amuse- 
ments and  recreations  indulged  in  at  the  different  seasons  of 
the  year.  They  anticipate  an  amount  of  public  attention 
and  favor,  by  exposing  "  the  danger  to  health  "  of  indulging 
in  these  "baneful"  sports,  fully  equal  to  the  popularity 
which  the  recreation,  or  sport  itself,  enjoys  with  the  people. 
And  it  is  only  by  constantly  maintaining  this  howl  of 
"  danger  to  health"  that  they  succeed  in  attracting  any  at- 
tention whatever,  for  many,  who  recklessly  violate  every 
day,  the  most  vital  laws  of  health,  are  greatly  alarmed  and 
distressed  at  the  prospect  of  disease  from  a  source  whence  it 
is  scarcely  possible  for  it  to  come. 

The  recreation  selected  as  the  subject  matter  of  this 
book, — that  of  Rowing, — has  been  several  times  assailed,  in 
different  countries,  by  writers  vainly  aspiring  to  prominence, 
as  something  to  be  indulged  in,  if  indulged  at  all,  with  the 
extremest  caution,  because  of  the  "  danger  to  health  "  like- 
ly to  result  from  a  too  frequent  or  incautious  use  of  the  oar. 
Such  remarks  as  these,  from  men  of  intelligence,  can  only 
excite,  in  the  minds  of  those  wlio  know  their  falsity,  a  feel- 
ing of  contempt  for  their  author.  But  there  are  those,  poor 
souls,  who  will  never  exert  themselves  to  the  pitch  of  think- 
ing for  themselves,  but  get  all  their  ideas  of  "  nature  and  of 
(rod,"  from  what  somebody  else  has  said  or  written.  As  a 
natural  consequence,  they  are  obliged  to  either  accept  or  re- 
ject, in  toto,  everything  they  read  or  hear,  and  in  the  in- 
stance of  reading  a  condemnation  of  Rowing,  and  not  having 
any  written  defense,  they  feel  compelled  to  raise  their  voices 
against  it. 


.va«JS{*aea«K»*!J*3*fci«*  ^ 


r-^^^i-^^^'-x^^^ 


,'t-)—-i=!lis*&SK»!S«3SS»?S^  ■ 


2^  ROWING    AS    AN    EXBRCI8E. 

It  is  not  with  a  view  of  endeavoring  to  remove  the  preju- 
dices of  this  class,  formed  in  this  way,  that  I  intend  to  say  a 
few  words  upon  tlie  advantages  of  Rowing,  as  an  exercise  ; 
hut  to  endeavor  to  induce  those  who  either  take  no  exercise  at 
all  or  if  any,  other  and  less  beneficial  exercise  than  Rowing,  to 
resort  to  it.  The  act  of  Rowing,  when  properly  performed, 
keeps  the  whole  body  in  a  state  of  active  and  invigorating 
exercise,  the  muscles  of  each  limb  being  used  in  a  manner 
well  calculated  to  strengthen  and  develop  them,  while,  with 
the  chest  expanded  and  the  head  well  up,  a  healthy  state  ot 
respiration  will  be  maintained,  and  the  muscular  power  of 
the  stomach  and  lungs  cultivated  and  increased.  ^^ 

A  man  in  Rowing,  takes  his  place  upon  the  "  thwart     with 
hi.   body   erect   and  legs    "at   ease,"   resting  against  the 
"Stretcher  ;"  at  the  moment  of  "reaching,"  or  "  taking      ns 
arms  shoot  out  straight  and  stiff  from  his  body,  the  hands  hold- 
in.  the  handle  of  the  oar  with  a  firm  grip.     The  oar  is  then 
dipped  into  the  water,   and  the  whole  "  body  force  "  thrown 
upon  it ;   the  legs  being  straightened  out  simultaneously  with 
the  bac'kward  motion  of  the  body,  until  the  oar  becomes  para- 
alell  with  the  body,  when  the  entire  muscular  power  of  the  arm 
is  concentrated  in  a  sudden  but  continuous  semi-jerk  to  the 
finish.     The  swaying  backward  and  forward   of  the  body, 
while  the  legs  and  arms  are  in  motion,  cannot  fad  of  strength- 
ening, in  a  wonderful  degree,  the  chest,  back  and  stomach  ; 
and  as  for  the  arms  and  legs,  there  is  no  exercise  or  occupa- 
tion in  which  man  was  ever  engaged,  where  so  much  natural 
"  work  "  is  done  as  in  Rowing. 

With  regard  to  the  effects  of  Rowing,  Dr.  Fniser,  of  the 
University  of  Edinburgh,  made  a  number  of  observations 
with  a  view  to  ascertaining  the  effects  of  Rowing  on  the  cir- 


ROWINd    AS    AN    EXERCIJiE. 


20 


ve  the  preju- 
entl  to  say  a 

an  exercise  ; 
no  exercise  at 
an  Rowing,  to 
■ly  performed, 
I  invigorating 

in  a  manner 
n,  while,  with 
ealtliy  state  of 
ular  power  of 

thwart "  with 
ig  against  the 
•  "taking,"  his 
the  hands  hold- 
The  oar  is  then 
force  "  thrown 
Itancously  with 
,r  becomes  para- 
ower  of  the  arm 
semi-jerk  to  the 
1   of  the  body, 
fail  of  strength- 
:  and  stomach ; 
rcise  or  occupa- 
30  much  natural 

r.  Fraser,  of  the 

of  observations 

(wing  on  the  cir- 


culation, experimenting  for  the  purpose,  upon  the  crew  oi' 
one  of  the  University  boats.  The  "  sphymograph"  was  used 
automatically  to  record  the  pulse  movements,  and  apart  from 
any  intrinsic  importance,  his  observations  may  prove  of  some 
interest,  in  relation  to  recent  discussions  on  the  probably  in- 
jurious effects  of  Rowing.  The  observations  were  prolonged 
throughout  the  greater  jiart  of  the  period  of  training.  The 
changes  produced  wore  of  an  extremely  uniform  character, 
not  only  on  the  different  occasions,  but  also  with  the  differ- 
ent members  of  the  crew.  He  presents,  in  Humphry's 
Journal  of  Physiology,  wood  cuts  of  the  tracings  of  the 
pulse  of  the  "stroke  oar."  The  tracings  all  show  that  an 
extremely  large  quantity  of  blood  is  being  circulated,  with 
great  rapidity.  It  is  obvious  that  in  the  great  majority  of 
the  functional  and  organic  diseases  of  the  vascular  system 
such  a  position  could  not  possibly  be  maintained.  The  au- 
thor concludes  that  the  subjects  of  these  diseases  arc  there- 
fore completely  incapacitated  i'or  violent  Rowing  exercise, 
and  cannot  be  in  a  position  to  be  injured  by  it.  It  is  possi- 
ble that  the  presence  of  incipient  forms  of  disease  in  the 
vascular  system,  might  altogether  prevent  such  exercise  from 
being  undertaken;  but,  he  believes  that  all  such  diseases 
may  bo  detected  by  the  use  of  the  "  sphjmograph  "  in  time 
to  prevent  further  mischief;  the  examination  being  made 
immediately  before  the  boat  is  entered,  and  a  few  minutes 
after  a  moderate  "  pull  "  has  been  indulged  in. 

Very  little  mischief,  however,  I  am  of  opinion,  need  ever 
be  feared,  in  this  direction,  or  from  the  source  named,  and  if 
violent  Rowing  seriously  disagrees  with  a  man,  he  will  soon 
find  it  out,  he  may  rest  assured ;  and,  moderate  Rowing 
will  not  injure  any  man,  woman,  or  child,  who  is  able  to  lift 


If 


.~^.>5t':S5*^Vi<^'itaH#^^2i^S'>''*«i?^~  ■ 


30 


ROWINO    AS    AN    KXBBCISE 


an  oar,  and  that  is  all  I  have  to  say  to  the  quacks  who  cry 
oui  against  it,  as  they  would  cry  out  against  everything  else, 
calculated  to  improve  the  physical  condition  of  mankind. 
Just  in  proportion  as  the  health  of  communities  becomes 
better,  their  practice  and  income  becomes  loss,  and  they 
would  prefer,  when  sure  of  good  pay,  to  prescribe  nos- 
trums for  an  individual  the  whole  year  round,  rather  than 
to  advise  good  and  frequent  exercise  and  a  christian  mode 

of  living. 

It  would  be  impossible  for  any  one  to  learn,  from  read- 
ing, about  the  benefits  of  Rowing,  as  an  exercise.  It  must 
bo  tried  to  be  appreciated,  and  any  one  who  has  tried  it  a 
few  times  is  prepared  to  admit  that,  as  a  health-giving,  body- 
strengthening  moral  exercise,  it  has  no  equal. 


^TaftOiwiM^**'«* 


icka  who  cry 
crything  olso, 
of  mankind, 
itios  becomes 
ass,  and  they 
irescribe  nos- 
,  rather  than 
hristian  mode 


n,  from  road- 
jisc.  It  must 
has  tried  it  a 

-giving,  body- 


Morality  of  I^owing. 


^fi|e^SiLj^^s!gKiVS?&iv:^>Xi^'  -^a*ii!.-'-^Si>^*Sp^  i.tf*W^,^tr-r^;;il:^ftfiiS^.OT4i!E?ri^«>V.- 


mmm 


,\} 


tJi 
th 
R 
tL 
sp 

ly 

ru 
un 
CI 
ve: 
rej 
8e\ 
erj 
pal 
wii 


■i^^iiffB™'WWiw5f 


,-,i9»*a^yf«!«Hif«aiw*?*fc*^' 


sm( 
"f. 
if  I 

"ti 


MORALITY   OF   ROWING. 


It  will  not  be  necessary  to  say  a  great  deal  upon  this  sub- 
ject to  those  who  are  acquainted  with  the  manner  in  which 
the  amateur  boat  clubs  of  America  are  managed,  and  for 
those  who  are  not,  and  are  of  opinion  that  the  practices  of 
Kowmg  and  dissipation  are  concommittants,  I  should  advise 
the  perusal  of  the  "  Constitution  and  By-Laws  "  of  a..y  re- 
spectable association  in  the  country.     Almost  every  regular- 
ly organized  Boat  Club,  or  Crew,  has  the  most  stringent 
rules,  prohibiting  the  introduction  of  liquor  in  any  shape,  or 
under  any  circumstances,  into  the  boats  or  boat-house  of  the 
Club.     The  Captains  of  all  crews  maintain  the  strictest  sur- 
vedlance  over  their  men,  and  any  breach  of  regulations,  in 
regard  to  the  use  of  liquor  or  tobacco,   costs  the  offender  a 
severe  trial.     A  course  of  dissipation,  or  even  the  most  mod- 
erate use  of  alcohol  and  narcotic  stimulants,  is  just  as  incom. 
patable  with  training  f„r  Rowing  as  shaking  dice  would  be 
with  the  professions  of  a  candidate  for  holy  orders. 

No  oarsman  in  the  country  would  be  so  foolish  as  to 
engage  m  an  aquatic  contest  at  the  same  time  that  ho  was 
smoking  his  half  dozen  cigars,  and  drinking  his  regular 
•'four-fingers  "  of  gin  and  milk  every  day,  and  if  he  is,  or 
If  a  crew  are,  and  have  to  "pull"  against  men  who  have 
"  trained  and  abstained,"  they  will  learn,  to  their  cost,  that 


-^^j^^^^ess^iSipiiaassmsmm'i''*^^^ 


"f*«^ 


k' 


:5l 


VOllAI.rrV    OK     llOWIM!. 


in  order  to  be  u  Hucce.s.ful  oarsnuu..   a  n,an   nu.st    .xercim, 

often  uixl  keep  cU-nn. 

It  iH  true,  as  has  l-ren  state.l   in   another   ,.ort.on   o    th.« 
,„oU,thatn.anyoarsnK.naoinanl,einai.l,utn.n.«^^ 
the  intervals  bot.eeu  raees,  hut  tins  .s  no  n.orc  t    he  .ha  g 
ed  to  training  than  it  vouhl  he  to  a  tenM>oranec  pledge,  h 
t,,ey  hee«  hound  hy  one  lor  the  san.e  length   of  tnne      1 
U'tion  is  not  .hat  n.en  do  when  out  of  tra.n.ng   but  .h^> 
L  training;  and.   in  reply  to  the  inauiry:     "  Arc  the  sur- 
roundings of  a    man   in  training  ealeulated    to   n,ure  b  n 
morally!"     I  answer,  most  emphatically,   no.-hut,  on  the 
elrary.  according  to  the  experiences  of  all  t«  and  a" 
n,cn  who  have  been  trained,  they  are  calculated  to  elevate 
and  improve  bis  moral  condition  in  the  highest  degree 

T  is  fact  of  constantly  exercising,  of  ^aUy  bat  .ng  and 
purifying  the  body,  of  eating  nothing  but  good  heaUby  food, 
of  keep' g  regular  hours  for  going  to  bed  and  r.s.ng.  .s  sure 
t  benefit  the  mind  and  purify  the  soul,  making  happier  and 
better  christians  of  all  who  follow  it. 


a<si««*s«M«ii<«ia-  •<«•" 


,S««KP'T- 


iiuifit    i!xert.iHt! 


portion  of  tbw 
i|iutioii  tlvirini^ 
,10  to  ho  diarg- 
1UC  pludgo,  luul 

of  tiino.     Tlio 
ning,  but  when 

"  Aro  the  8ur- 
to   injure  bim 
[),— but,  on  tbo 
trainers,  and  uU 
ilated  to  elevate 
gt  degree, 
lily  bathing  and 
od  bealtby  food, 
nd  rising,  is  sure 
ling  happier  and 


I^  o  w  i  n  g 


ANCIENT  AND  MODERN. 


■  .;^s^iiig!E'.»j^«i!_rv.»!ww'a«vi^?!r:; 


>  .1    I 


lis 

me 

Kri 

Imv 

urcl 

torj 

wer 

usee 

by  I 

the 

may 

navj 

OtllP 

the] 
prot 
num 


«*  --  -r;^i 


:iii4i«S5«>Si&««»«>«B<'»j«»*-*"**''' 


js^fTstsss'rs'p^ss'T?? 


i 


KOWINO 


AXOFKNT  AND  MODKRN. 


If  not  an  i.npos.iMo.  it  woul.l  he  atloa«t  a  .liffioult,  a.  well 
-  prcfitloas  task,  to  attempt  to  como  at  the  preeiHO  antiqui- 
ty  of  Rowing.  * 

(Wtain  it  is.  however,  that  the  oar  wan  use.l  an  an  inntru- 
".ent  w>th  w Wh  to  propel  ships,   I„ng  before  the  Christian 
Kra,  and,  although  as  a  .natter  of  course,  great  in.provements 
have  been  n,a,le  since  that  time,  in  ship-building  and  naval 
architecture,  generally,  as  near  as  we  can  ascertain  from  his. 
tory,  the  oars  used  by  X-orxes.  over  two  thousand  years  ago 
were  es«ent.ally  of  the  same  style  as  the  flat-baded '-sweep  " 
used  at  the  present  day.     They  were  used  in  various  ways 
y  the  anc.ents.  amongst  whom  the  Athenians  were  perhaps 
the  most  proficient  and  skillful  in  the  use  of  the  oar    if  we 
may  judge  from  the  success  which  attended  many  of  their 
naval  battles      Sometimes  they  were  used  as  paddles,  and  at 
oth.rs  as  sweeps,  projecting  from  port-holes  in  the  sides  of 
the  boat;  the  rower  being  concealed  from  view,  for  his  bettor 
protection,  as  good  oarsmen  were  scarce,  and  only  a  certain 
number  wcjp  educated  in  the  use  of  the  oar     ' 


fss^r-'j?. 


WMi^l^^^iHil^*^'^''^^*''^^'^''''"'^'''^''^ 


38 


BOWING ANCIENT    AND    MODEKN. 


In  the  battle  of  Salamis,  between  the   Greeks  and  Per- 
sians,   about  the   year  four   hundred   and    eighty,    before 
Christ,  we  are  told  that  the  Greeks  employed  a  fleet  of  three 
hundred  and  eighty  ships,  requiring,  it  would  seem,  a  con- 
siderable number   of   rowers.     The  Persians  had   a  much 
larger  fleet,  but  were  miserably  defeated  in  the  battle,  owing, 
it  is  said,  to  their  being  very  much  inferior  to  the  Greeks, 
in  naval  skiU.     Now,  naval  skill,  af  that  time,  as  at  the  pre- 
sent, consisted  in  the  rapid  and  effective  evolutions  of  a  ship, 
in  movements  offensive  and  defensive;  and,   as  the  Greeks 
showed  themselves  so  much  the  superiors  of  the  Persians,  as 
well  as  of  mopt  other  nations  at  that  time,  in  that  branch  of 
art,  it  is  only  fair  to  concede  to  them  the  honor  of  being  the 
champion  oarsmen  of  their  day. 

The  Romans,  at  this  period,    and  for  several  centuries 
after,  were  -ery  backward  in  their  acquaintance  with  nauti- 
cal affairs  generally,  but  having  at  about  the  year  two  hun- 
dred and  sixty,   (B.  C.,)  determined  to  conquer  Sicily,"  they 
set  about  acquainting  themselves,  somewhat,  with  the  art  of 
building  and  managing  a  ship.     But  they  could  not  hope  to 
contend  successfully  against  the  Carthaginians,  who  were,  or 
would  bo.  their  rivals,  if  the  Romans  succeeded  in  building  a 
fleet,  but  who  were  now  possessed  of  a  powerful  naval  force, 
under  the  command  of  skillful  mariners. 

The  Romans,  however,  were  never  daunted  by  difficulties, 
and  determined  to  make  the  best  description  of  craft  possible, 
under  the  circumstances.  Fortune,  at  this  time,  as  at  many 
previous  and  subsequent  ones,  smiled  upon  them  :  a  Cartha- 
ginian ship-of-war  happened  to  be  cast  away  on  the  coast  of 
Italy,  and  with  this  for  a  model,  in  the  space  of  sixty  days 
from  the  time  the  timber  was  cut,  they  had  a  fleet  of  one 


K. 

i  reeks  and  Tcr- 
eiglity,    before 
il  a  fleet  of  three 
lid  seem,  a  con- 
ns had   a   much 
he  battle,  owing, 
to  the  GreekB, 
ttc,  as  at  the  prc- 
ilutions  of  a  ship, 
,   as  the  Greeks 
the  Persians,  as 
in  that  branch  of 
onor  of  being  the 

several  centuries 
itance  with  nauti- 
ho  year  two  hun- 
nqucr  Sicily,"  they 
it,  with  the  art  of 
could  not  hope  to 
lians,  who  were,  or 
edcd  in  building  a 
iverful  naval  force, 

nted  by  difficulties, 
on  of  craft  possible, 
is  time,  as  at  many 
m  them  :  a  Cartha- 
vay  on  the  coast  of 
}pace  of  sixty  days 
had  a  fleet  of  one 


ROWINO— ANCIENT    AND    MODEKN.  39 

hundred  and  thirty  sail  afloat.  Meanwhile  the  ships  were 
bm  d,ng,  those  who  had  been  selected  as  rowers  were  oblig- 
ed to  ..practice  their  art  seated  on  benches,  erected  for  the 
purpose  on  the  land." 

This  was  certainly  an  original  and  novel  method  of  teach- 
ing men  the  art  of  Rowing,  and  whether  it  was  an  effective 
means  or  not,  history  does  not  state;  but  the  llomans,  al- 
hough  courageous  and  self-reliant,  were  yet  not  rash  enough 
to  venture  a  battle  with  the  Carthaginians,  upon  what,  under 
other  crcumstances.    would  have   been   equal   terms,    but 
which  now,  m  consideration  of  the  much  more  extensive  ex- 
pcnenoc  of  the  latter  upon  the  water,  rendered  them  greatly 
superjor  to  the  former,  resorted  to  an  ingenious,  and,  as  the 
«cquel  proved,  a  successful  device  to  conquer  their  enemies. 
They  constructed  what  they  termed  a  '.crow."  which  was. 
in  fact,  nothing  more  nor  less  than  a  modern  pile-driver,  with 
•■'  long  arm,  and  placed  this,  or  one  of  these,  for  they  had  a 
number  of  them,    i„  the  bow  of  each  of  their  ships,    and 
when  the  enemy  came  to  close  quarters,  this  was  sprung  over 
he  boat,  usually  sinking  the\raft  and  leaving  its  occupants 
at  the  mercy  of  the  victors. 

The    Carthaginians    observed  these    instruments    i„    the 
boats  of  their  antagonists,   but  only  laughed  at  them,   not 
thinking  that   they  were  so  easily  outwitted  on   their  own 
element      The  Romans  gained  a  decided  victory,  and  were 
afterwards,  as  history  shows,  quite  a  powerful  nation  upon 
the  water.     Caesar,  himself,  we  have  good  reason  to  believe, 
would  have   been   lost  upon  the   Adriatic,    while  pursuing 
Pompey  mto  Greece,  had  it  not  been  for  the  skill  of  his  at- 
tendants, who  rowed  the  boat  safely  to  shore.      We  are  told 
that  when  Antony  was  at  Tarsus,  in  Cilicia,  he  summoned 


40 


IIOWINO — ANCIUNT     AND    MODKKN. 


10 


(jleopatra  to  his  presence.     Having  murdered  hor  brother, 
she  was  now  sole  ruler  of  Egypt,  and  reveled  in  the  most  ex- 
travagant luxury.     At  the  mouth  of  the  rivfer  Cydmus.  she 
entered  her  barge,  the  deck  of  which  was  adorned  with  gold, 
and  its  sails  were  purple.      The  oars,  of  which  there  were 
about  twenty,  were  set  with  silver,  and  the  rowers  kept  time 
to  the  sound  of  flutes  and  lyres.     The  Queen,  dressed  like  a 
goddess,  reclined  beneath  an  awning  embroidered  with  gold, 
while  boy ts  adorned  like  cupids,  sat  fanning  her.     Her  female 
attendants  were  around  her,  in  the  habits  of  graces  and  the 
nereides,  or    sea-nymphs,  and  costly   spices   and  perfumes 
were  burned  before  her.     The  figure-head  of  her  barge  repre- 
sented a  draggon's  head,  and  was  most  elaborately  carved. 
The  mastf,  of  which  there  were  two,  were  surmounted  by 
golden   crowns,   and  the  entire  craft    was   constructed  and 
adorned  in  a  style  surpassing  description. 

When  the  news  of  her  approach  reached  Tarsus,  it  is  said 
that  all  the  people  crowded  to  see  her,  and  history  says  that 
Antony  was  left  sitting  alone  on  his  tribunal  in  the  market 
place.     He«ent  to  invite  the  Queen  to  supper,  but  she  in- 
sisted that  he  shoidd  come  and  sup  with  her,  which  he  did, 
trying  afterwards,  in  vain,  to  equal  the  magnificence  of  her 
entertainment.     Perhaps  no  person  befor^    or  since,  has  ever 
gone  Rowing  in  such  state  as  this  Queen  ;  and,  certainly  very 
few  of  our  oarsmen,  upon  "barge  days,"  propel  their  craft 
to  the  music  of  "flutes  and  lyres."     So  that,  although  we 
have  some  very  handsome  barges  amongst  our  clubs  now-a- 
days,  we  can  scarcely  hope  to  equal  that  of  "the  pompous 
dame  of  Egypt. " 

The   oars  made  use  of,  on  that  occasion,  were   of  very 
moderate  length,  and  tapered  from  the   end  of  the   blade, 


o 
P 

0> 


ROWING ANCIENT    AND     MODERN. 


41 


hor  brother, 
the  most  ex- 
Cydinus,  she 
led  witli  gold, 
ih  there  were 
rers  kept  time 
dressed  like  a 
•ed  with  gold, 
Her  female 
graces  and  the 
and  perfumes 
jr  barge  repre- 
irately  carved, 
lurmounted  by 
mstructed  and 

irsus,  it  is  said 
story  says  that 
in  the  market 
per,  but  she  in- 
,  which  he  did, 
aificence  of  her 
•  since,  has  ever 
I,  certainly  very 
opel  their  craft 
it,  although  we 
ur  clubs  now-a- 
f  "the  pompous 

I,  were  of  very 
i  of  the   blade. 


which  was  encircled  by  a  'silver  band,  to  the  handle,  whicli 
was  almost  oval  and  handsomely  tasseled.  It  is  fuir  to  pre- 
sume that  speed  was  not  so  much  the  object  as  display,  in 
the  "get  up"  of  the  barge. 

The  Scandinavians,  and  Northmen  generally,  appear  to 
have  been  rather  behindhand,  for  many  centuries,  in  all  that 
related  to  the  ar.t  of  boat-building ;  for,  we  find  them  as  late 
as  (A.  D.)  nine  hundred  and  sixty,  making  conquests  of 
surrounding  islands,  in  ships  of  the  most  unwieldly  model, 
propelled  by  oars,  looking,  for  all  the  world,  like  modern 
soup  ladles,  oidy  that  the  handle  merged  gradually  into  the 
ladle  portion,  instead  of  being  distinct  from  it.  They  were, 
however,  skillful  and  fearless  navigators,  and  understood 
thoroughly  the  use  of  their  craft,  and  made  many  valuable 
conquests  and  discoveries.  ,? 

Gradually  the  intercourse  of  the  nations  became  more  ex- 
tensive, carrying,  as  a  consequence,  civilization  throughout 
Europe  and  the  North.  Each  nation,  emulous  of  its  neigh- 
bor, put  forth  every  effort  to  increase  its  possessions,  and 
thereby  its  wealth ;  and,  as  a  consequence  of  this  condition 
of  things,  the  art  of  ship-building  was  fostered  and  develop- 
ed. By  the  year  1500,  such  progress  had  been  made  in 
ship-building  and  navigation  as  warranted  the  undertaking 
of  the  longest  journeys  by  sea,  and  at  this  period,  as  wo 
know,  it  attracted  more  attention,  in  consequence  of  the  dis- 
covery of  the  New  World,  than  at  any  previous  one  in  the 
world's  history. 

Almost  as  late  as  the  Sixteenth  Century,  some  of  the  ships 
of  Portugal,  which  was  then  a  great  maritime  nation,  were 
propelled  mainly  by  large  sweeps,  canvass,  as  a  matter  of 
course,  being  used  in  conjunction   therewith.     The  oars,  or 


'  u 


If 


II 


42 


KOWINQ ANCIENT    AND    MODERN. 


more  properly,  sweeps,  used  at  tlus  time,  were  of  good 
model,  but,  of  necessity,  very  largo  and  heavy,  to  suit  the 
service  for  which  they  were  made.  Many  of  the  severest  and 
most  important  battles  were  fought  upon  the  water,  and  vic- 
tory, in  almost  all  cases,  was  achieved  mainly  through  su- 
perior seamanship,  so  that  the  safety  and  independence  of 
the  principal  nations  depended  upon  the  "  availability  "  of  its 
ships  and  sailors. 

We  have  no  means  of  knowing  at  what  precise  date  tho 
crew  were  mustered  who  first  "  manned  the  capstan  "  or 
"  spliced  the  main-brace  ;"  but,  whoever  they  were,  to  them 
we  give  credit  for  having  been  the  first  to  introduce  a  system 
of  practical  and  successful  boat  rowing  in  crews.  By  this 
I  mean  that  Rowing  iu  Crews,  as  practiced  now  among  boat- 
ing clubs,  had  its  origin  in  the  navy,  where,  from  almost  the 
earliest  history  of  all  regularly  organized  navies,  down  to  the 
present  time,  regular  crews  of  men  have  been  detailed  to 
"pull"  the  various  small  boats  carried  by  men-of-war.  An 
officer  has  at  all  times  accompanied  crews  in  their  expedi- 
tions in  small  boats,  taking  command,  and  usually  acting  in  the 
capacity  of  Coxswain.  It  required,  of  course,  that  intelligi- 
ble orders  should  be  given  to  the  men,  in  order  to  insure 
promptness  and  expedition  in  the  execution  of  all  commands  ; 
therefore  it  is,  that  the  various  orders  now  used  in  the  dif- 
ferent navies  were  gradually  adopted  and  retained.        > 

They  were  all  common-sense,  and  simple  enough,  and,  for 
the  most  part,  very  appropriate.  In  many,  and  in  fact,  all 
the  battles  fought  upon  the  sea,  much  of  success  depended 
upon  the  skill  and  efficiency  of  boats'  crews  in  boarding  and 
grappling.  They  were  often  obliged  to  "pull"  their  boat 
through  a  rough  sea,  exposed  to  a  galling  fire,  which  they 


ROWING — ANCIENT    ANU    MODBRN. 


43 


were  of  good 
y,  to  suit  the 
;he  severest  and 
water,  and  vic- 
ly  through  su- 
ndependenco  of 
liability  "  of  its 

recise  date  tho 
le  capstan  "  or 
jr  were,  to  them 
oducc  a  system 
ews.  By  this 
)w  among  boat- 
rom  almost  the 
08,  down  to  the 
sen  detailed  to 
en-of-war.  An 
1  their  expedi- 
Uy  acting  in  tho 
!,  that  intelligi- 
order  to  insure 
all  commands  ; 
ised  in  the  dif- 
lined.  *  <  ' 
lough,  and,  for 
md  in  fact,  all 
ccess  depended 
1  boarding  and 
ill"  their  boat 
ire,  which  they 


could   not   return,  and  after   having   reached   the    enemy's 
ship  to  board  and  endeavor  to  capture  it. 

It  is  little  wonder  then,  that  the  Art  of  Rowing,  born  and 
fostered  in  the  navy,  should  make  rapid  progress,  and  that 
after  Northern  barbarism  had  been  superseded  by  European 
civilization,  and  the  recreative  arts  had  been  transplanted 
from  their  birth  place  in  the  classic  hills  and  valleys  of  an- 
cient Rome  and  Greece  to  the  Continent  of  Europe,  Rowing 
should  be  taken  hold  of  and  encouraged  as  an  art,  which, 
although  so  little  knowirin  the  days  of  the  Caesars,  was  des- 
tined to  rank  first  in  the  arts  of  the  physical  world.  As 
Europe  became  populous  and  wealthy,  recreation  became  the 
privilege  of  a  large  class  of  people,  and  the  Continent  being 
so  liberally  supplied  with  fine  rivers  and  bays,  naturally, 
boating  was  resorted  to  as  the  recreation  affording  most  profit 
to  health,  and,  as  a  consequence,  an  interest  was  taken  in  it 
among  the  upper  classes,  making  it  a  popular  and  refined  ex- 
ercise, which  it  has  been  ever  since,  and  is  likely  always  to 
remain. 

•  England,  particularly,  although  not  on  the  Continent,  has, 
from  the  earliest  times,  always  nourished  and  encouraged  among 
its  people  a  fondness  for  athletic  sports,  and  that  she  has  been 
well  repaid  is  seen  in  the  vigorous  character  of  her  people,  who 
have  not,  however,  "  cultivated  their  muscle  at  the  expense  of 
their  brain,"  as  the  wonderful  genius  of  her  statesmen  amply 
testifies.  Rowing  has,  in  England,  taken  the  precedence  of  all 
other  sports  ;  victory,  with  the  oar,  has  brought  to  many  a  man 
there,  as  much  glory  and  honor  as  triumphing  over  his  fel- 
lows, in  class  competition,  has  to  many  another.  The  Eng- 
lish people  appear  to  take  naturally  to  active  out-door  exer- 
cise ;  whether  this  arises  from  the  nature  of  the  climate,  or 


44 


ROWING — ANCIBNT  AND  MODKRN 


I    L, 


from  some  other  cause,  it  is  diflBcult  to  (lotormine  ;  but,  cer- 
tain it  is,  they  enter  into  their  national  sports  heart  and  soul. 
The  real  cause,  however,  is  probably  to  be  traced  to  the  age 
of  Chivalry,  when  feats  of  agility  and  boldness  often  won  for 
d  man  knighthood  and  the  favor  of  royalty. 

America,  from  the  mixed  nature  of  its  population,  and 
from  other  causes,  has  had  no  such  national  characteristics 
engrafted  into  the  lives  of  its  people.  It  has,  liowever,  cul- 
tivated to  a  certain  degree  of  perfection,  all  the  recreative 
arts,  and  the  imputation  of  being  a  "puny  American"  is 
fast  becoming  "  played  out." 

The  Art  of  Rowing  prospered  in  England;  tho  people 
took  hold  of  it  as  a  genuine  means  for  the  cultivation  of  both 
the  physical  and  mental  powers  of  man ;  they  encouraged  it 
to  such  an  extent,  that  it  was  adopted  as  "the"  sport  in  the 
Colleges  and  Academies,  wherever  water  could  be  found  in 
sufficient  quantity  to  practice  it.  The  annual  contest  be- 
tween the  two  leading  Colleges  has  become  more  popular 
with  each  repetition,  and  it  is  now  safe  to  say  that  it  equals, 
in  intensity  of  excitement,  the  "Derby  Day."  In  the 
United  States,  also,  although  not  for  so  long  a  time,  we 
have  had  annual  contests  upon  the  water  between  rival 
Clubs  connected,  for  the  most  part,  with  Colleges  in  the 
Eastern  States. 

Much  as  has  been  said  about  the  little  attention  that  has 
been  paid  to  exercise  or  sport  in  the  United  States,  in  past 
years,  when  it  is  taken  into  consideration  that  until  within 
a  comparatively  few  years,  most  of  our  cities  were  very  new, 
and  that  the  wealthy  class  was  very  small  and  scattered,  it  is 
astonishing  to  note  the  attention  that  was  paid  to  Rowing, 
and  the  number  of  flourishing  Boat  Clubs  that  were  formed 


KOWING — ANCIENT    AND    MODERN. 


46 


I) ;  but,  cer- 
art  and  soul, 
id  to  tbo  ago 
iften  won  for 

ulation,   and 
liaraoteristics 
lowover,  cul-  ' 
le  recreative 
mcrican  "  ia 

tho  people 
ation  of  both 
mcouraged  it 

sport  in  the 
be  found  in 

contest  bo- 
nore  popular 
hat  it  equals, 
y."  In  the 
a  time,  we 
)etween  rival 
lieges  in  the 

tion  that  has 
tates,  in  past 
t  until  within 
rere  very  new, 
scattered,  it  is 
d  to  Rowing, 
t  were  formed 


in  far  off  western  towns,  (at  that  time,)  when  "  time  was 
money,"  indeed,"  and  little  of  it  could  be  spared  for  any 
but  necessary  recreativi.  Amongst  the  many  thousands 
who  were  constantly  migrating  from  Eastern  States  to  the 
Great  West,  were  some  who  were  devotedly  attached  to  the 
Art  of  Rowing  ;  and  the  influence  and  example  of  these,  add- 
ed to  the  natural  fitness  of  the  magnificent  Lakes  and  Rivers 
with  which  the  country  is  blessed,  to  the  prosecution  of 
acquatic  sports,  gradually  cultivated  a  taste  for  them  among 
the  people,  which  has  ever  been  on  the  increase,  and  well 
organized  Clubs,  occupying  well  built  houses  and  owning 
handsome  "shells"  and  boats,  of  all  classes,  can  now  be 
found  in  almost  every  city  and  town.  The  West  may,  per- 
haps, make  Ipss  ado  about  her  sports  than  some  other  sec- 
tions of  the  country,  but  she  is  none  the  less  active  or  pro- 
ficient in  them. 

Rowing  occupies  a  place  in  American  sports,  to  which  none 
other  can  ever  attain,  and  is  of  itself  a  refining  and  refined  exer- 
cise, worthy  of,  and  happily  also  receiving  a  large  share  of 
attention  from  the  whole  American  people.  I  would  wish  to 
claim  for  Rowing  everything  that  can  be  claimed  for  it,  by 
even  its  most  enthusiastic  admirers,  but  I  will  not,  as  many 
have,  go  so  far  as  to  classify  Rowing  as  a  science.  AJi 
human  knowledge  is  said  to  consist  of  sciences  and  arts,  and 
it  is  sometimes,  if,  indeed,  not  always,  difficult  to  draw  the 
lino  of  distinction  between  them.  All  the  principles  of  sci- 
ence have  some  reference  to  practice,  and  the  theory  of  every 
art  may,  perhaps,  be  called  a  science,  but  there  is  a  differ- 
ence between  them  which,  important  or  not,  as  it  may  be,  is 
about  as  follows :  A  science  is  a  system  of  general  truths, 
relative  to  some  branch  of  useful  knowledge,  and  supported 


4G 


KOWINO ANCIKNT     AND    MODERN. 


by  evidence,  cither  demonstrative  or  liighly  probable.  .\n 
art  is  tbo  application  of  the  organs  of  the  body,  or  thr  facul- 
ties of  the  mind,  to  the  execution  of  some  design,  directed  by 
the  best  principles  and  rules  of  practice.  A  science  is  ad- 
dressed entirely  to  the  understanding  ;  an  art  generally  occu- 
pies both  the  understanding  and  the  members  of  the  body. 
A  science  is  acquired  by  study  alone ;  an  art  cannot  be  ac- 
quired without  much  practice  of  the  operations  it  contains. 
Accurate  knowledge  is  all  that  is  necessary  in  science.  Emi- 
nence in  art  demands  besides  an  acquaintance  with  rules  and 
the  habit  of  dextrous  and  ready  performance.  So  that  wo 
cannot  designate  Rowing  as  a  science,  and  not  being  a  science, 
it  MUST  be  an  art. 

But  the  glance  which  we  have  taken  at  the  origin  and 
progress  of' Rowing,  circumscribed  and  imperfect  as  it  may 
be,  is  amply  sufficient  for  our  purpose,  as,  in  fact,  it  is  not 
really  essential  to  the  work,  but  may  be  accepted  aa  the 
literature  of  Rowing.  »         . 


;i,  'I    i     'f-- 


xfi' 


ROWING— MODERN. 


m;  11 


The  record  of  Boat  Races  in  America  seems  not  to  have 

been  very  well  kept,  until  within  the  past  ten  years,  and  the 

.accounts  of  races,  anterior  to  1860,  are  rather  imperfect. 

The  literature  of  Rowing,-  although  scant  now,  was  indeed 

meagre  then,  and  very  few  early  races  of  interest  are  ro- 


nOWINO — MODKKN. 


47 


robablc.  .'in 
or  thr  facul- 

a,  directed  by 
scionco  is  ad- 

cnorally  occu- 
of  the  body. 

cannot  bo  ac- 

is  it  contains. 

cienco.     Emi- 

ffith  rules  and 
So  that  wo 

oing  a  science, 

he  origin  and 
ect  as  it  may 
fact,  it  is  not 
jcepted  as  the 
%  '  - 


!-    .?'M 


.;»i; 


is  not  to  have 
years,  and  the 
;her  imperfect, 
w,  was  indeed 
iiterest  are  re- 


corded, with  the  exception  of  those  which  took  place  in  Now 
York  City.  It  is  very  rcasonablo  to  .suj)pose  tliat  races  used 
to  occur  fifty  years  and  more  ago,  wlien  what  are  now  great 
seaboard  cities,  were  only  villages,  but  the  inhabitants  either 
failed  to  record  them,  or  their  descendants  neglected  to  pre- 
serve the  record.  In  1859,  the  New  York  Dispatch  repub- 
lished a  partial  account  of  a  race  that  came  oif  in  New 
York  Harbor,  in  December,  of  1824,  between  a  crow  of 
the  British  frigate  "Hussar,"  then  lying  in  the  harbor,  and 
a  crew  of  Whiteliall  boatmen,  for  a  purse  of  one  thousand 
dollars.  Captain  Harris,  of  the  frigate,  issued  the  challenge, 
which  was  accepted  by  the  Whitehallers,  and  the  9th  of 
December  was  appointed  as  the  day  of  the  race.  The  crew 
of  the  British  boat  had  won  a  number  of  races  in  different 
partE  of  the  world,  and  were  considered  almost  invincible. 
The  boat  used  by  the  Whitehallers  was  the  "American 
Star,"  which  had  previously  been  in  several  races,  in  all  of 
which  she  gained  considerable  honor.  In  the  race,  the  Star 
took  the  lead  at  first,  but  the  "Dart,"  which  was  the  name 
of  the  English  boat,  soon  came  even.  The  Whitehallers 
now  made  a  "  spurt,"  and  got  the  lead  again,  which  they 
kept  increasing,  from  time  to  time,  until  the  finish,  coming 
"  home  "  about  four  hundred  yards  in  advance  of  the  English 
crew. 

The  race  was  conducted  with  the  utmost  good  feeling  on 
both  sides,  and  the  crew  of  the  British  launch,  which  served 
as  the  "home  stake  "  boat  for  the  frigate  crew,  greeted  the 
victors  with  three  hearty  cheers,  and  "  struck  "  their  flags. 
The  distance  was  four  miles,  and  is  said  to  have  been  made 
in  twenty-two  minutes,  in  a  heavy  swell.  An  immense 
crowd  congregated  to   witness  the  race,  which  created  the 


48 


KOWINfl — MOOBHN. 


greatt'Ht  "furore"  of  any  tt(jiintiri  oontcet  up  to  that 
(late. 

Hoveral  proininont  races,  however,  occurred  at  a  date 
considerably  earlier  than  this,  among  which  that  between 
two  rival  crews,  one  of  Long  IsiandcrH,  and  the  other  of 
New  Yorkers,  deserves  especial  mention.  This  race  came 
off  in  July,  1811,  and  was  won  by  the  New  York  crew,  with 
ease  ;  they,  however,  having  considerable  advantage  in  their 
boat,  which  was  more  "seaworthy"  than  that  of  their 
competitors.  The  boat  of  the  New  York  crew  van  placed 
ill  the  old  Museum,  from  which  it  was  transferred  to  Bar- 
num's,  where  it  remained  until  that  institution  was  consum- 
ed by  fire,  in  18G,5.  Quite  a  number  of  races,  none  of  them 
very  important,  took  place  occasionally,  from  this  date  until 
1 83t<,  when  a  Whitehall  crew  challenged  a  crew  in  Newark, 
N.  J.,  to  row  a  five  mile  race  for  one  thousand  dollars.  The 
Whitehallers  gained  an  easy  victory,  and  had  the  lead  from 
the  start  to  the  fini.<ih. 

Then  followed  a  challenge  from  a  Poughkeepsie  crew  to 
any  crew  in  New  York,  to  "  pull "  the  same  distance  for  a 
purse  of  the  same  amount.  The  gauntlet  was  soon  taken  up 
by  a  crew  composed  of  two  Seaman  brothers,  and  four  other 
"  pullers,"  all  of  whom  were  well  known  and  successful  oars- 
men at  that  time.  The  New  York  crew  won  the  race  and 
purse  without  anything  but  an  ordinary  effort.  The  boat 
used  by  this  crew  was  not  permitted  to  remain  long  out  of 
the  arena.  She  was  soon  after  matched  against  the  "  Spark," 
in  a  five  mile  contest,  for  one  thousand  dollars,  in  which  the 
the  latter  came  off  victorious.  The  Roberts  brothers,  soon 
after  this,  had  a  race  in  their  boat,  the  "Brooklyn,"  with 
another  four-oared  crew,  in  the  "  Fairy,"  which  latter  won 


ROWING — MOUKRN. 


4J) 


Oct  up    to 

rrc'd  ut  a  duto 
-'h  that  betvoon 
1(1  the  other  of 
This  race  came 
York  crew,  with 
[vantage  in  their 
It  that  of  their 
crew  was  placed 
isferred  to  Bar- 
tion  was  consum- 
;e8,  none  of  them 
n  this  date  until 
crew  in  Newark, 
nd  dollars.  The 
id  the  lead  from 

hkeepsie  crew  to 
le  distance  for  a 
fts  soon  taken  up 
8,  and  four  other 
d  successful  oars- 
on  the  race  and 
BFort.  The  boat 
lain  long  out  of 
istthe  "Spark," 
rs,  in  which  the 
i  brothers,  soon 
Brooklyn,"  with 
ivhich  latter  won 


the    race.     Ji,    August,    li?3!),  occurred  a  race  which   ere- 
nted  quite  an   excitoiuont,   between  the  "  Shamburgh,"    of 
Whitehall,  and  the  "Shakespeare."      It   was  a   five'  mile 
Htraight  race,  and   was  puUed  in   good   time.      The  course 
was  from  the  Reef  to  Castle  Garden,  where  a  "  stake  boat" 
was  anchored.     It  was  imi)088ible,  at  any  tiaio,  to  say  which 
crew  would  win,  as  thoy  changed  places  as  ofte.i  as  six  times 
during  the  race.     It  was  a  very  close  contest,  from  first  to 
last,  but  finally  terminated  in  favor  of  the  "Shakespeare." 
For  several  years  previous  to  this  time,  a  considerable  inter- 
est  was  taken  in  aquatics   in  New  York  and  vicinity,  and 
♦luito  a  number  of  Clubs  were  formed,  which  flourished  far 
longer  or  shorter  periods   of  time.     Some   of  the  principal 
Clubs  of  this  date  were  the  Castle  Garden  Boat  Club  Asso- 
elation,  the  .Erial  Club,  Pearl  Club,    Gazelle  Club,    Gull 
Club,  Wave  Club,  and  several  others,  of  which  the  Wave 
was  about  the  strongest.     This  was  an  epoch  in  the  history 
of  American  Boat  Clubs,  which  was  certainly  very  remark- 
able for  one  thing,  viz  :     The  harmony  witi.  which  all  aqua- 
tic contests  passed  off,  and  the  entire  absence  of  anything 
like  bickering  at  regattas  or  meetings.     From  1834  to  1838, 
regattas  were  very  common  at  Ponghkcepsio  and  Newburgh,' 
New  York,  at  which  immense   numbers   of  people   usually 
gathered,  many  of  whom  came  from  far  sections   of  New 
York  and  the  adjoining  States.     At  one  of  these  races  the 
Gull  Club,  of  New  York,  enter-^d  their  boat,  and  carried  off 
the  second  prize— a  suit  of  colors— and  after  the  race,  the 
same  crew  pulled  the   boat   from   Newburgh  back  to  the 
boat  house  in  New  York,  a  distance  of  sixty-five  miles,  and 
arrived  there  before  11  o'clock  that  night      Another  race,  of 
considerable  importance,  took  place  in  the  summer  of  1839, 


50  UOWINd — MODKIIN. 

lietwwii  two  four-oanMl  itowh,  iiuinniiiR,  r.'Hpt'ctiv.'ly,  tlio 
"Dimno""  nn.l  tlu«  "  Willin."  It  was  a  livo  mile  ruco, 
will.  Olio  turn,  for  a  i.uikc  cf  one  tlu.uHuna  .lolhirH,  and  wuh 
won  by  tho  "  Duuiic,"  witlumt  an  effort. 

Two  .years  earlier  than  tliin,  there  was  an  iniimrtant  Hinglo 
"huuH"  race,  between  Stej.hen  Uoberts,  at  that  time 
Chan.i-ion.  and  Kidney  l)<.rl..n,  who  accepted  a  challenge 
issued  by  llobcrts,  to  row  any  man  for  a  purso  of  two 
hundred  dollars.  Subse.iuently  to  tho  arrangement  of  this 
match,  they  had  three  races,  in  tho  fir.-,t  of  which  Dorlon 
wos  victorious,  and  in  the  second  Roberts.  Tho  third  and 
decisive  raco  was  for  a  purse  of  four  hundred  dollars,  and 
proved  merely  a  walk  over  for  llobcrts,  us  Dorlon  was  taken 
with  cranii)S  before  tho  race  was  well  commenced,  and  ceased 

rowing. 

In  October,  1H39,  a  very  exciting  and  interesting  race 
can.c  off,  which  was  participated  in  by  five  four-oared  boats 
and  nine  six-oared  boats.  Tho  first  race  was  won  by  tho 
"Water  "Witch."  Tho  six-oared  race,  which  was  a  very 
close  and  exciting  one,  was  won  by  tho  "Gazelle."  which 
came  in  about  one  hundred  yards  ahead  of  all  its  competi- 
tors. '        ' 

In  1842,  a  regatta  took  place  off  Castle  Garden,  under 
tho  auspices  of  tho  association  of  this  name.  This  was 
one  of  its  annual  contests,  and  was  tho  last  regular  Associa- 
tion Ilegatta.  Tho  first  raco  was  for  a  beautiful  goblet, 
and  was  contested  for  by  three  parties  ;  Mr.  Bakor  winning 
tho  race  with  apparent  case  Tho  second  raco  was  for  a 
silver  salver  and  goblet,  and  was  contested  for  l)y  four-oared 
gigs.  Two  boats,  tho  "Atlantic"  and  "Exporiment," 
were     entered,     and    puUed   a     very    exciting    race,    tho 


ROWINO — MODBBN. 


51 


I'HlHM'tivfly,    tlio 

tiv(!    mile   inco, 

lollars,  uiiil   waH 

iniimrtnnt  H'mglo 
,  at  that  time 
iilcil   n  cliallcngo 

a  jiurHO  of  two 
mgeincnt  of  this 

of  wliicli  Dorlon 
.  The  tliird  and 
dred  dollars,  and 
Dorlon  was  taken 
onccd,  and  ceased 

1  interesting  race 
0  four-oared  boats 
was  won  by  tbe 
liicli  was  a  very 
"Gazelle,"  wbich 
)f  all  its  competi- 

le  Garden,  under 
name.  This  was 
it  regular  Associa- 
beautiful  goblet, 
Ir.  Baker  winning 
d  race  was  for  a 
il  for  by  four-oared 
d  "Experiment," 
xciting    race,    the 


.'Atlantic  "  winning  by  a  few  yur.l«.  The  tl.ird  \mw  was 
a  beautiful  cimHed  pitrber,  t..  bo  tried  for  by  six-oared 
boats.  Tbe  "  Gazelle,"  tbe  "  Oulatea,"  and  tbe  "  Kagle," 
were  entcrod.  The  -tJazelle"  and  "  Eagle  "  fouled  at 
starting,  by  wbieb  tbe  "Galatea"  obtained  a  good  lead. 
and  won  the  race. 

In  the  summer  of  1839,  one  of  tbe  most  exciting  and  in- 
teresting of  all  tbe  Newburgb  Regattas  came  off.  The 
Newburgh  Olub  entered  several  boats  ;  the  Pougbkeepsie 
Club  one  boat ;  Cold  Spring  Club  one  boat ;  Castle  Garden 
Association,  New  York,  tbrco  boats ;  Independent  Uoat 
Club  Association,  New  York,  tbreo  boats.  Tbe  prizes  were  : 
Double  sculls,  silver  cup  ;  Four-oared  boats,  silver  cup  ;  Six- 
oared  boats,  First  prize,  silver  vase  cup ;  Second  prize,  silver 
cup.  Tbe  record  of  this  race  appears  not  to  bave  been  kept, 
and  the  above  data  were  obtained  from  the  aiinouncement 
made  previous  to  the  race. 

The  next  regatta  of  this  Association  came  off  in  1841, 
and  was  for  barges.  The  first  race  was  for  six-oared  barges, 
and  was  participated  in  by  eight  crews,  from  different  sec- 
tions of  New  York  State  and  New  Jersey.  It  was  a  four 
mile  course,  and  was  won  by  the  "Dutchess,"  in  16.11. 
The  next  race  was  for  four-oared  barges,  and  bad  ten 
entries.     The  "  Thomas  Jefferson,"  of  New  York,  won  this 

race. 

At  Newburgh,  in  the  summer  of  1837,  a  contest  took 
place  between  eight  six-oared  boats,  six  from  Now  York  and 
two  from  Newburgh.  The  ladies  of  the  In  tter  place  mau, 
three  handsome  setts  of  colors,  which  they  offered  as  prizes 
to  the  three  first  crews.  The  first  and  second  prizes  were 
won  respectively,  by  tbe  "  Wave  "  and  "  Gull,"  of  New  York, 


ih 


52 


KOWING — MODERN. 


and  the   third   was   awarded   to    the  "Corsair,"  of  New- 
burgh. 

The  Regatta  of  1842,  was  inaugurated  and  carried  out 
on  a  fine  scale,  and  wa?  certainly  a  credit  to  its  projectors, 
the  Newburgh  Amateur  Association.  The  first  prize,  in  the 
six-oar  race,  was  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  dollars, 
and  was  won  by  the  "New  Jersey  ;"  second  prize,  eighty 
.dollars,  won  by  the  "Galatea;"  third  prize,  thirty  dollars, 
won  by  the  "Eagle." 

The  second  race-  was  the  Citizen's  Regatta,  for  four-oared 
boats.  The  first  prize,  one  hundred  dollars,  was  won  by 
the  "Washington;"  second  prize,  sixty  dollars,  was  won 
by  the  "  Duane  ;"  third  prize,  twenty-five  dollars,  won  by 
the  "Robinson."  The  citizens  of  New  Windsor  offered 
two  prizes,  one  of  thirty-five  dollars,  and  the  other  of  fifteen 
dollars,  for  the  winners  of  a  sculling  match.  The  ' '  Crolious ' ' 
of  Newburgh,  won  the  first  prize,  and  the  "  Hookemsnivey," 
of  the  same  place,  the  second.  At  this  time  there  seemed  to 
exist  a  friendly  rivalry  in  aquatics,  between  the  towns  of 
Newburgh  and  Poughkeepsie,  but  after  years  witnessed  a 
wonderful  decline.  Many  a  good  crew  hailed  from  Pough- 
keepsie, and  many  a  hard-pulled  race  was  won  by  her  oars- 
The  first  of  these  races  occurred  in  the  summer  of 


men. 


1837,  which  was  participated  in  by  six  six-oared  boats,  from 
New  York,  Brooklyn,  Fishkill  and  Poughkeepsie.  The  first 
prize  was  a  purse  of  two  hundred  dollars,  and  was  won  by 
the  "Washington,"  of  Poughkeepsie,  with  almost  ease. 
Two  years  later,  on  the  Harlem,  a  regatta  took  place  be- 
tween this  boat,  which  was  a  famous  one,  and  three  boats 
from  New  York.  The  course  was  four  miles  and  a  half,  and 
was  made  by  the  "  Washington,"  in  27.15  ;  very  good  time, 


ir,"  of  New- 

1  carried  out 
ts  projectors, 
t  prize,  in  the 
-five  dollars, 
prize,  eighty 
thirty  dollars, 

for  four-oared 
was  won  by 
irs,  was  won 
illars,  won  by 
indsor  offered 
ther  of  fifteen 
e  "Crolious" 
okemsnivey," 
ere  seemed  to 
the  towns  of 
i  witnessed  a 
from  Pough- 
i  by  her  oars- 
he  summer  of 
d  boats,  from 
sie.  The  first 
was  won  by 
almost  ease, 
ook  place  be- 
d  three  boats 
nd  a  half,  and 
ery  good  time, 


T~ 


I 


ROWING — MODERN. 


53 


indeed,  considering  the  style  of  boat  used.  Taking  it  alto- 
gether, it  was  a  hard-pulled  race,  and  a  well  earned 
victory. 

It  was  not  very  long  after  this  that  another  Regatta  came 
off  at  Poughkeepsie.  This  was  a  five  mile  race,  for  four  and 
six-oared  boats.  The  "  D.  D.  Tompkins,"  of  New  York, 
won  this  race,  beating  the  "Washington"  by  nearly  a  fourth 
of  a  mile,  and  winning  the  first  prize,  a  beautiful  boat,  valued 
at  three  hundred  dollars. 

The  second  race,  for  four-oared  boats,  was  won  by  the 
"Duane,"  of  New  York,  to  whose  c:ew  was  awarded  the 
second  prize,  a  boat  valued  at  two  hundred  and  twenty-five 
dollars. 

From  this  date,  races  began  to  be  very  frequent  at  most 
all  points  East,  and  boat  clubs  multiplied  very  rapidly.  The 
first  boating  association  in  the  United  States  was  the 
"  Castle  Garden  Amateur  Boat  Club  Association,"  organ- 
ized in  New  York  City,  in  1834,  some  of  whose  races  are 
hereinbefore  recorded.  This  association  comprised  a  num- 
ber of  clubs,  whose  houses  were  at  Castle  Garden,  and 
whose  members,  for  the  most  part,  were  the  first  gentlemen 
in  the  city.  The  oldest  boat  club  now  organized  is  the 
Atalnata  Club,  of  New  York,  which  was  organized  in  1848. 
The  two  next  oldest  are  the  Bachelors  Barge  Club  and  Uni- 
versity Barge  Club,  of  Pliiladelphia,  the  first  organized  in 
1853,  and  the  second  in  1854.  After  these,  the  oldest  club 
in  American  waters,  is  the  Milwaukee  Boat  Club,  of  Mil- 
waukee, Wisconsin,  which  was  organized  in  1855,  and  is 
one  of  the  most  flourishing  clubs  in  the  country. 

In  October,  1850,  several  interesting  races  took  place, 
one  of  which  was  a  match  race  for  a  purf e  of  two   hundred 


54 


ROWING MODERN. 


dollars,  between  the  "  Wasbiiigton  "  and  "Thomas  Jeffer- 
son," two  old  rivals.  The  "Jefferson"  came  in  about  one 
hundred  yards  ahead. 

In  the  fall  of  this  year,  a  single  scull  contest,  between 
four  prominent  scullers,  came  off  opposite  Castle  Garden. 
The  contestants  were  Lee,  Burns,  Decker  and  Thomas.  Lee 
was  a  prominent  sculler  of  this  date,  and  came  off  victorious 
in  this  race.  The  same  year  he  had  a  race  with  Conkling^ 
in  working  boats,  for  two  hundred  dollars.  Lee  also  wou 
this  race  by  some  two  hundred  yards. 

Another  race  of  this  year,  was  that  between  the  "Com- 
modore" and  "Bevins,"  single  scull  boats,  which  was  won 
by  the  "  Commodore." 

In  1852,  the  first  of  the  College  Races,  between  Harvard 
and  Yale,  took  place  on  Lake  Winnepiseogee,  New  Hamp- 
shire. Harvarfl  entered  the  "Oneida,"  carrying  eight 
oars.  Yale  ni!t'  ■!  two  boats,  the  "  Shawmut  "  and  "  Un- 
dine," each  .  r  <  ;;;ht  oarF.  The  race  was  over  a  two 
mile  course,  the  '  Ovidda"  coming  in  first,  and  taking  the 
first  prize.     The  "  Shawmut  "  won  the  second  prize. 

Two  years  later,  the  city  authorities  of  Boston  inaugurat- 
ed a  regatta,  and  offered  prizes  for  single  scull,  six-oared  and 
eight-oared  boats.  The  eight-oared  race  was  won  by  the 
"T.  F.  Meagher,"  of  Boston,  over  a  six-mile  course,  in 
42.05;  taking  the  first  prize,  a  goblet,  valued  at  one  hun- 
dred dollars.  The  "Stranger,"  of  Boston,  six  oars,  won 
the  second  prize,  in  46.45,  a  silver  cup  worth  seventy-five 
dollars.  The  single  scull  race  was  won  by  the  "Allan," 
over  a  two  mile  course,  in  30.55,  silver  cup,  for  fifty  dol- 
lars. 

The  following  year,  1855,  witnessed  a  repetition   of  this; 


■Thomas  Jcffer- 
ne  in  about  one 

ontest,  between 

Castle  Garden. 

i  Thomas.     Lee 

nc  off  victorious 

with  Conklingf 

Lee  also  won 

een  the  "  Com- 
■which  was  won 

)etween  Harvard 
ee,  New  Hamp- 
carrying  eight 
nut  "and  "  Un- 
was  over  a  two 
,  and  taking  the 
)nd  prize. 
Sostoh  inaugurat- 
all,  six-oared  and 
was  won  by  the 
-mile  course,  in 
led  at  one  hun- 
1,  six  oars,  won 
orth  seventy-five 
ty  the  "Allan," 
ip,   for  fifty  dol- 

■epetition   of  thi» 


ROWING — .MODERN. 


55 


regatta,  under  the  same  auspices.  The  first  race  was  for 
single  sculls,  distance  three  miles,  and  was  won  by  the 
"Battery  Pot,"  in  32.03,  taking  the  first  prize,  a  silver  cup  ; 
"American  Boy,"  second  prize,  both  New  York  boats. 
The  second  race  was  for  Dories,  and  the  first  prize  was 
won  by  J.  Covell,  of  New  York,  in  35.37  1-2  ;  second 
prize,  Decker,  New  York,  in  36.05.  In  the  four-oared  race, 
only  two  boats  were  entered,  both  of  which  were  from  New 
York,  the  Delmonico  and  Putnam.  The  course  was  six  miles, 
and  was  won  by  the  Putnam,  in  51.09  ;  the  Delmonico  com- 
ing in  in  51.58.  The  Neptune,  of  St.  John,  New  Brunswick, 
was  entered,  but  did  not  start.  These  contests  were  both  for 
Professionals.  Next  followed  the  race  for  Amateurs,  over  a 
six  mile  course.  The  Maid  of  Erin,  eight  oars,  won  this  race  in 
46.34  1-2,  taking  the  first  prize.  The  Ariel,  six-oars,  won 
the  second  prize,  in  47.57. 

On  the  day  following  this  regatta,  the  Putnam,  of  New  York, 
the  victor  in  the  contest,  was  matched  against  the  Neptune,  St. 
John,  New  Brunswick,  for  a  purse  of  six  hundred  dollars, 
over  the  same  course.  The  Neptune  went  over  the  course, 
six  miles,  and  won  the  race  in  47.35,  the  Putnam  making 
it  in  51.50. 

On  the  same  day  as  the  Boston  Regatta,  the  Newburgh 
Regatta  came  off,  for  double  scull  and  four-oared  boats. 
The  four-oared  race  was  won  by  the  Torbos,  of  New  York, 
prize  one  hundred  dollars.  Second  prize,  seventy-five  dol- 
lars, was  taken  by  the  Suatzel.  The  double  scull  race  was 
won  by  Ferguson  and  Deneke,  of  Peekskill.  Single  scull 
race  was  won  by  a  Newburgh  man.  On  the  11th  of  the 
following  month.  Burns  and  Daw,  of  New  York,  pulled  an 
eight  mile  race,  in  twenty  foot  boats,  for  a  hundred  dollars 


66 


KOWISa — MODKKN. 


;  It 


a  aide,  wliich  was  won  by  the  latter,    by  about  two  lengths, 
in  54  minutes. 

In  September,  a  match  came  oflf  at  Boston,  on  the  Charles 
River  Course,  between  two  crews,  one  from  New  lif^ork  and 
the  other  from  St.  John,  New  Brunswick.  The  New  York 
crew  pulled  in  tiie  James  McKay,  a  shell,  built  by  the  gentle- 
tiian  after  whom  it  was  named,  and  the  St.  John's  crew 
pulled  in  a  lap-streak,  thirty-five  feet  long,  and  carried  no 
Coxswain.  The  race  was  over  a  six  mile  course,  and  was 
won  by  tlie  St.  John's  crew,  in  42.14  ;  the  New  York  crew 
coming  home  in  42.4G.  This  closed  the  Racing  Season  of 
185G. 

In  ]\Iay,  1857,  over  the  Charles  River  Course,  Boston, 
the  Volant,  belonging  to  the  Volant  Club,  of  that  city,  pull- 
ing six  oars,  beat  the  Huron,  of  Harvard  College,  also  a  six- 
oared  boat,  over  a  three-mile  course,  making  the  distance  in 
21.00,  against  21.38,  by  the  Huron. 

In  the  middle  of  June,  the  Beacon  Cup  Regatta  came  off, 
over  this  course,  between  the  crews  of  Harvard  College 
and  those  of  the  Union  and  Urania  Clubs,  of  Boston.  The 
course  was  three  miles,  and  was  made  by  the  Union,  of  that 
Club,  in  21.21,  winning  the  first  prize. 

The  Annual  Regatta,  at  Newburgh,  came  off,  as  usual,  on 
July  4th,  and  was  for  four-oared  and  single  and  double 
sculls.  There  were  two  four-oared  boats  entered,  from  New 
York,  two  from  Newburgh,  and  one  from  Haverstraw. 
The  first  prize  was  one  hundred  dollars,  and  was  won  by  the 
Experiment,  of  New  York ';  the  second  prize  was  won  by  the 
Wood,  of  Newburgh.  The  Brophy,  of  New  I'ork,  took  the 
first  prize  for  double  sculls.  The  single  scull  race  was  won 
by  Daw. 


ti 
a 

r 

s 

I 
<] 

ii 
c 
1 
b 

t 
1 
1 
< 

1 


[it  two  lengths, 

,  on  the  Charles 
New  lif^ork  and 
The  New  York 
It  by  the  gentle- 
st.   John's  crew 
and  carried  no 
ourso,    and  was 
New  York  crew 
ncing  Season  of 

Course,  Boston, 

f  that  city,  puU- 

Uege,  also  a  six- 

the  distance  in 

legatta  came  off. 
Harvard  College 
of  Boston.  The 
le  Union,  of  that 

!  oif,  as  usual,  on 
ngle  and  double 
itered,  from  New 
jm  Haverstraw. 
.  was  won  by  the 
1  was  won  by  the 
w  York,  took  the 
uU  race  was  won 


nOWINO — MODERN. 


67 


On  the  IGth  of  September,  the  Statcn  Island  Regatta 
came  off.  The  first  race  was  for  double  scull  working  boats, 
and  was  won  by  the  Henry  Carr,  rowed  by  Lee  and  Fay. 
Second  race,  double  scull  working  boats,  won  by  tho  Brophy. 
Thiid  race,  nineteen  feet  single  scull  boats,  won  by  Burns. 
In  October,  of  this  year,  an  exciting  race  took  place  be- 
tween Daw,  of  New  York,  and  Glenn,  of  Philadelphia,  for 
a  purse  of  one  thousand  dollars,  over  a  five  mile  course,  on  the 
Delaware  River,  a).  Philadelphia.  It  was  a  close  and  hard 
contested  race,  and  was  won  by  Daw,  in  43.  OC. 

On  tho  day  following  this  race,  there  was  another  profes- 
sional match  between  the  two  crews  of  the  Experiment  and 
Allaire,  on  the  Harlem  River,  for  a  purse  of  four  hundred 
dollars,  over  a  five  mile  course.  This  race  was  very  excit- 
ing, and  was  decided  a  draw  on  account  of  tho  Allaric 
coming  home  on  the  wrong  side  of  the  ftakc.  She  made 
the  distance  in  35.15,  and  came  in  a  half  length  ahead  of 
her  competitor. 

No  race  of  importance  occurred  until  June  of  the  next 
year,  when  the  second  Beacon  Regatta  came  off,  over 
their  course  on  the  Charles  River.  The  prizes  were  for 
wherries  and  six  oars.  The  course  for  the  former  was  two 
miles,  and  the  prize  was  won  by  R.  F.  Clark,  who  made  the 
distance  in  14.54.  The  next  race,  for  six  oars,  was  con- 
tested by  oix  crews,  and  was  won  by  the  Harvard,  in  19.22. 
On  the  Anniversary  of  National  Independence,  this  year, 
the  Young  Men's  Democratic  Club  held  a  Regatta  on 
Charles  River,  to  be  for  wherries,  four-oared  boats,  sixes  and 
eights  ;  an  allowance  of  thirty  seconds  to  be  made  for  all 
extra  oars.  The  course  for  wherries  was  two  miles,  and  was 
won  by  T.  Doyle,  in  19.29,  taking  a  prize  of  twenty-five  dol- 


58 


ROWING — MODKn.N. 


lars.  1*.  II.  Colbert  took  the  Hccond  prize,  fifteen  dollars. 
The  course  for  four-oared  boats  was  three  miles,  and  was  won 
by  the  Ked  Michael,  in  22.09,  to  which  was  awarded  tho 
first  prize,  fifty  dollars.  Tho  I'rido  of  Boston  took  the 
second  prize,  twenty-five  dollars,  in  23.00.  The  course  for 
six-oared  boats  was  six  miles,  and  was  won  by  tlio  Harvard 
Crew  in  40.25,  taking  tho  first  prize  of  one  hundred  dol- 
lars. The  second  prize,  fifty  dollars,  was  won  by  tho  Fort 
Hill  Boy  in  41.44.  The  Newburgh  Regatta  also  came  off 
on  tliis  day,  and  was  for  four-oared  boats,  double-sculls, 
single  sculls  and  fishing  skiffs.  Tho  four-oared  race  was  be- 
tween tho  Experiment,  Bryant  and  Wood.  The  first  prize 
was  won  by  the  Wood,  one  hundred  dollars,  and  the  second 
by  the  Bryant,  twenty-five  dollars.  The  skiff  race  was  won 
by  the  Sarvis  brothers,  of  Newburgh.  The  double-scull 
race  was  won  by  the  Gazlay,  of  Newburgli.  Single  sculls, 
by  Hancon. 

In  August,  tho  Statcn  Island  Regatta,  for  single  and  double 
sculls  and  four-oared  boats  took  place.  The  iirst  prize  for 
double  sculls  was  won  by  the  Gazlay,  of  Newburgh.  The 
first  prize,  for  single  sculls,  was  won  by  Fay.  The  third 
race,  for  four-oared  boats,  was  won  by  the  Bryant,  to  which 
was  awarded  one  hundred  and  fifty  dollars.  To  the  George 
J.  Brown  the  second  prize  was  awarded,  twenty-five 
dollars. 

On  tho  27th  of  the.  month,  tho  Regatta  at  Springfield 
came  off.  Prizes  were  offered  for  four-oared  boats,  six- 
oared  boats  and  wherries.  The  course  for  four-oaved  boats 
was  three  miles,  and  was  won  by  the  Wood,  of  Newburgh 
in  22.00  ;  prize  one  hundred  dollars.  The  Dan  Bryant,  of 
New  York,  took  the  second   prize,  in   23.30,  fifty   dollars. 


fir 
fiv 
pc 
hi; 
Ir 
af 
hi 
at 
ai 
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Pl 
G 

C 

tl 

T 

tl 
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V 

0 

1 

a 
1 
i 


nOWINU MODERN. 


69 


I  fifteen  dollars. 

es,  and  was  wan 

18   awarded   the 

oston   took  the 

The  course  for 

by  the  Harvard 

ic  hundred  dol- 

)n  by  tho  Fort 

I  also  came  off 

i,   double-sculls, 

ed  race  was  be- 

Thc  first  prize 

and  the  second 

if  race  was  won 

'he   double-scull 

Single  sculls, 

ingle  and  double 
e  iirst  prize  for 
i^ewburgh.  Tho 
ly.  The  third 
ryant,  to  which 
To  the  George 
ed,    twenty-five 

I  at  Springfield 
ired  boats,  six- 
Four-oaved  boats 
[1,  of  Newburgh 
Dan  Bryant,  of 
0,  fifty   dollarb. 


In  the  six-oared  race  the  Fort  Hill  l$oy  took  tho  prize,  one 
hundred  dollars,  in  '21  minutes,  over  the  same  course.  Tho 
Borietta,  of  New  London,  took  the  second  prize,  fifty  dol- 
lars, in  21.45.  Tho  wherry  race  came  next,  over  a  two 
mUe  course,  and  J.  H.  Seymour,  of  New  York,  took  tho 
first  prize,  fifty  dollars,  in  IG.IO.  Tho  second  prize,  twenty- 
five  dollars,  was  won  by  Burns,  New  York,  in  16.45,  Ex- 
periment, four-oars,  of  New  York,  took  the  first  prize,  one 
hundred  and  fifty  dollars,  making  the  three  miles  in  21.30. 
In  the  autumn  of  this  year,  October,  1858,  Josh  Ward,  who 
afterwards  became  champion  of  the  United  States,  pulled 
his  first  single-scull  match,  at  Newburgh,  where  he  was  born, 
and  has  ever  since  lived.  His  competitor  was  John  Hancon, 
and  the  race  was  over  a  two  mile  course.  It  was  closely 
contested,  and  Ward  won  by  two  lengths,  in  10.07. 

On  the  same  date  with  the  above  race,    a  contest  took 
place  in  Chicago,  Illinois,  between  the  Shakespeare  Rowing 
dub,  of  Toronto,    and   the   Metropolitan  Bowing  Club,    of 
Chicago,  at  Chicago,  over  a  five  mile  course,  for  a  purse  of  one 
thousand   dollars.      Both  boats  were   four-oared,    and    the 
Toronto  boat   walked  away  from   tho    Chicago  boat,  from 
tho  start,  leaving  the  latter  an  uncalculable  distance  behind. 
The  time  made  by  the  Toronto  boat  was  forty-two  minutes. 
In  1859,  a  great  number  of  very  interesting    Regattas 
were  held  in  different  sections  of  the  country,  one  of  the  first 
of  which  was  the   third   Beacon   Regatta,   on   tho  Charles 
River,  Boston.     This  was  for  single  and  double  sculls,  sixes 
and  fours,  the  former  to  allow  eleven  seconds  i)cr  oar  to  the 
latter.     The  L'Esperance,  rowed  by  R.   F.  Clark,  won  tho 
first  prize,  fifty  dollars,  over  a  two  mile  course,  in  13. 52.     The 
douVle  scull  race  was  won  by  the  Novice,  pulled  by  Braekett 


CO 


ROWING — MODERN. 


ami  Carpenter,  two  niiles  in  14.31,  prize  fifty  dollars.  Tlic 
Hlx-oarcd  race  was  won  by  the  Harvards,  over  a  tliroo  miic 
course,   in  19.11  1-2;  prize  one  hundred  dollars. 

On  the  4th  of  July  following,  the  Uoston  City  Regatta 
occurred.  The  L'Esperance  won  the  single  scull  shell  race 
here  also,  making  two  miles  in  14. 53,  and  taking  a  prize  of  fifty 
dollars.  Doyle  took  the  second  prize  in  15.04,  winning  a 
prize  of  twenty  dollars.  The  Olivia,  single  scull  lapstreak, 
won  the  first  prize  in  her  class,  in  15.29  ;  prize  fifty  dollars. 
The  Zouave,  of  the  same  class,  won  the  second  prize,  twenty- 
dollars,  in  16.11  1-2.  The  E.  K.  G.  won  the  first  prize 
for  double  sculls,  two  miles,  in  14.49  ;  prize  fifty  dollars. 
The  Novice  won  the  second  prize,  twenty  dollars,  in  14.59. 
The  four-oared  race  was  won  ))y  the  Monnghan  Crew,  over  a 
three  mile  course,  in  20.53  1-2,  taking  a  first  prize,  seventy- 
five  dollars.  .Tiio  Quickstep,  four  oars,  won  a  second  prize, 
forty  dollars,  in  21.01.  The  Fort  Hill  Boy,  six-oars,  also 
won  a  first  prize  of  seventy-five  dollars,  making  the  cour^ 
in  20.50  1-2.  The  Mill  Boy,  six  oars,  won  a  second  prize 
of  forty  dollars,  in  22.04  1-2. 

The  Ncwburgh  Regatta  also  came  off  on  the  same  day,  over 
a  five  mile  course.  Two  four-oars  entered  from  Newburgh,  and 
two  from  Xew  York.  The  Wood,  of  Newburgh,  won  the 
first  prize,  of  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  dollars,  making 
the  distance  in  39.00.  On  the  26th  of  the  same  month,  the 
Union  Regatta  came  off  at  Worcester,  and  was  witnessed  by 
a  great  throng  of  peojde.  The  shell  race  was  for  the  cham- 
pionship, and  was  contested  for  by  the  students  of  Harvard 
and  Yale,  in  six  oared  boats.  The  course  was  three  ipiles, 
and  was  made  by  Harvard  in  19.18,  Yale  coming  home  in 
20. 1 8.     The  next  race  was  for  lapstreaks,  and  was  contested 


lollars.  Tlio 
a  throo  miio 
rs. 

Mty  Regatta 
all  slioll  race 
I  prize  of  fifty 
4,  winning  a 
ill  lapstreak,' 
fifty  dollars, 
•rizo,  twonty- 
10  first  prize 
fifty  dollars, 
irs,  in  14.59. 
Crew,  over  a 
rize,  seventy- 
second  prize, 
six-oars,  also 
ig  the  cour^ 
second  prize 

me  day,  over 
cwburgh,  and 
rgh,  won  the 
liars,  making 
le  nonth,  the 
witnessed  by 
for  the  cham- 
s  of  Harvard 
I  three  ipiles, 
ning  home  in 
was  contested 


KOWINO — MODERN. 


01 


by  Harvard,    Yale  and  ]irown  Universities.     Harvard  hIm 
won  this  race,  in  21.13.     Brown  came  in  second,  in  24.40. 
The  following  day  witnessed   the  Worcester  City  Regatta, 
comprising  three  races.    T.  Grover  won  the  single  scull  race, 
two  miles,  in  16.20,  for  a  prize  of  fifty  dollars.     T.  Doyle 
won  the  second  prize,  twenty-five  dollars,  in  16.28.    In  the 
shelU  race  for  four-oared  boats,  the  Leader,  of  New  York,  made 
the  three  miles  in  21.01,  taking  the  prize  of  ^75.     The  Ex- 
periment, of  New  York,  took  the  second  prize  of  fifty  dollars,  in 
21.09.     The  six-oared  shell  race  was  won  by  the  Yale  crew, 
in  19.14,  winning  the  first   prize   of  one   hundred   dollars. 
Harvard  took  the  second  prize,  of  seventy-five  dollars,  making 
the  course  in  19.10.     On  August  15th,  occured  the  third  Re- 
gatta of  the  Richmond  County  Regatta  Club,  Staten  Island. 
The  first  prize,  for  single  sculls,  was  won  by  Hancon,  seven- 
ty-five dollars.     Second  prize,  twenty-five  dollars,   by  Fay. 
The  double  scull  race  was  won  by  Neville  and  Conklin,  prize 
fifty  dollars.      Biglin  and  Leary  came  in  second,  and  took 
the   second  prize  of  twenty  dollars.     In  the  four-oared  race 
were  entered  the  Leader,  the  Geo.  J.   Brown,  Bryant,  and 
three  other  boats,  most  all  of  which  were  well  known  in  the  East. 
The  Bryant  won  the  first  prize  of  fifty  dollars,  the  Brown 
winning  the  second  prize  of  twenty  dollars.    On  September 
20  th,  a  single  scull  contest,  of  considerable  proportions,  took 
place  at  Newburgh,  in   which   Ward,  Brown,    Hancon,  and 
Grover,  pulled  a  five   mile   race   for  one   hundred  dollars. 
Ward,  who  was  fast  becoming  the  champion,  won  this  race 
in  good  style,  Hancon  coming  in  second.     During  the  same 
month,  the  Bryant  was  matched  against  the  Geo.  J.  Brown, 
in  a  race  for  one  thousand  dollars.     The  Bryant  came  home 
in  S4.40;  the  Brown  being  six  seconds  later,  but  in  conse- 


, 


■ 


Is" 


M 


U'J  l;OWINO — MODEllN. 

(jucnco  of  a  fuul  having  occurred  on  the  courHu,  the  lleferoo 
(leoiiled  tlic  race  iv  draw.  A  few  days  later  than  tliis,  Daw 
and  ¥ny  pulled  a  live  mile  race  off  Staten  iHiand,  for  a  purse 
of  one  thousand  dollars,  which  was  won  by  Fay,  in  thirty- 
nine  minutes. 

On  the  same  day  with  this  race,  a  Regatta  was  held  at 
Albany.  The  first  race  was  for  double  sculls,  and  was  won 
by  Ward  and  Shaw,  over  a  three  mile  course,  in  23. '20. 
The  second  race,  for  single  sculls,  was  won  by  Ilancon,  in 
tiG.17.  The  four-oared  race  was  won  by  the  Stranger,  in 
20.11,  taking  the  first  prize  of  one  hundred  dollars.  The 
race  for  amateurs  was  won  by  the  Stephen  Roberts,  of  the 
Hiawatha  Club. 

On  the  11th  of  October  following,  occurred  the  finest 
single  scull  contest  over  witnessed  in  the  United  States.  It 
was  a  five  mile  race,  for  the  Champion  Belt  and  one  hun- 
dred dollars,  and  was  contested  by  Daw,  Hancon,  Fay  and 
Ward.  The  race  was  well  contested,  and  was  won  by  Josh 
Ward,  in  the  tremendous  time  of  35.10,  the  best  time  over 
made  in  American  waters.  Two  weeks  later,  on  the  Charles 
River,  occurred  a  race  for  the  Scullers  Championship.  Josh 
Ward  won  the  first  prize,  over  a  three  mile  course,  making 
the  distance  in  23.16  ;  prize,  two  silk  flags  and  two  hundred 
dollars.  T.  Doyle  won  the  second  prize,  one  hundred  dol- 
lars, in  23.26. 

The  first  race  of  importance,  in  1860,  was  the  second 
Regatta  of  the  Bunker  Hill  Association,  at  Charlestown, 
Massachusetts.  The  single  scull  race  was  two  miles,  and 
the  first  prize  was  won  by  M.  S.  Smith,  in  16.42  ;  prize 
forty  dollars.  Second  prize,  J.  Reed,  in  18.01,  prize  twenty 
dollars.     Olivia   took  the   first  prize   for   single   scull  lap- 


KOWINO — MODEllN. 


(13 


the  llefcroo 
.11  tliis,  Daw 
1,  for  !i  purse 
ly,  in  thirty- 

i  waH  held  at 
and  was  won 
■so,  ill  23.20. 
r  Ilancon,  in 
Stranger,  in 
dollars.  Tho 
)bert8,  of  the 

od  tho  finest 
\  States.  It 
and  one  hun- 
Bon,  Fay  and 
won  by  Josh 
best  time  ever 
in  tho  Charles 
)nship.  Josh 
)arso,  making 
two  hundred 
hundred  dol- 

as  tho  second 
Charlestown, 
0  miles,  and 
L6.42  ;  prize 
,  prize  twenty 
;le   scull  lap- 


wtrcaks,  in  17.20  ;  amount  of  pri/o  forty  dolIarH.  Seconil 
jirize  ill  tlii.s  class  wsi.h  taken  by  tlio  Artless,  twenty  dolliir.s. 
In  tlic  rai'o  for  double  scull  Injistrcakw,  Weils  iinil  |)aly 
Miado  tlio  distance,  two  miles,  in  1(5.28;  prize  fifty  dollars. 
The  Novice  won  tho  second  prize,  twenty-five  dollars,  in 
10.40.  The  next  race  was  for  six-oared  lajistrcaks,  and 
was  won  by  tho  Sophomore  Crew,  of  Harvard,  wlio  made 
tho  two  miles  in  14.23,  taking  the  prize  of  seventy-five 
dollars.  Thetis,  also  a  six-oared  lapstrcak,  was  entered  by 
the  same  class,  and  took  the  second  prize,  of  thirty  dollars. 

On  the  24th  of  this  montli,  the  Fourth  Beacon  llogatta 
took  place  on  the  Charles  River.  M.  S.  Smith  won  the 
race  for  single  sculls,  making  tho  two  miles  in  14.31,  win- 
ning tho  prize  of  fifty  dollars.  Tho  race  for  double  scull 
lapstreaks  was  won  by  L'llrondelle,  in  14.24,  taking  fifty 
dollar  prize.  Tho  race  for  six-oared  lapstreaks  was  won  by 
the  Thetis,  of  Harvard,  which  made  tho  three  miles  in 
19.37,  taking  tho  first  prize  of  one  hundred  dollars.  The 
Shamrock,  manned  by  the  Wood  Crew,  came  in  second,  in 
20.20. 

Two  days  later  than  this,  June  25th,  the  South  Boston 
Regatta  came  ofiF.  The  race  for  single  scull  lapstreaks  was 
two  miles,  and  was  won  by  the  Olivia,  in  15.35,  tak- 
ing the  first  prize  of  forty  dollars.  Tho  six-oar  shell 
race  was  contested  by  Harvard  and  Brown  Universities,  the 
Wood  Crow  in  tho  Shamrock,  and  the  four-oared  boat 
Quickstep  manned  by  the  Scott  Crew.  The  course  was 
two  miles,  and  was  won  by  Harvard,  in  12.38,  to  which 
was  awarded  a  prize  of  seventy-five  dollars.  The  Sham- 
rock came  in  second  in  13.43  ;  then  the  Quickstep,  and 
last  the  Brown  University  Crow. 


II 

I  - 


fVl 


KOWINO — MOOKHN. 


Aiiothor  tt(iutttu!  fuHtivul  foUowetl  tlIi^',  on  July  4th,  whoti 
tlic)  lldHton  City  Ki-gutta  tcidk  |tluee.  Tlie  Minglo  m-uU  sliell  raco 
wuH  t\v(»  iiiil(!«,  and  was  won  by  M.  S.  Suiitli,  in  14.t)'J  l-'J, 
the  prize  boiiig  Hixty  dollarH.  Rcod  took  the  Hccond  jirizo  of 
twenty-five  doUaiH,  in  U.'H.  Tlio  race  for  double  gcull 
la|i8trcakH  wan  won  by  Doyle  and  Colbert,  in  13.45.  Daly 
and  WellH  won  tlie  second  prize,  of  thirty  dollars,  in  13.48. 
The  race  for  six-oared  lapstrcakft  was  three  miles,  and 
the  first  prize,  one  hundred  dollars,  was  won  by  tiie  Har- 
vard Sophomore  Crow,  in  19.21.  The  Thetis,  of  the  Har- 
vard  Freshmen  Class,  wttn  the  second  prize,  of  fifty  dollars, 
in  1!).37.  The  next  race  was  for  shells,  six-oared  boats  to 
allow  thirty-three  seconds  to  four.  In  the  shell  race,  tho 
Harvard  boat  won  tho  first  prize,  of  ono  hundred  and 
sevcnty-fivo  dollars,  in  18.53  1-2.  Tho  second  prize, 
seventy-five  dollars,  was  won  by  tho  Riley,  four-oars,  man- 
ned by  the  Murray  Crew,  in  21.10  1-2. 

I'ittsburgh  followed  tho  lead  of  all  tho  other  cities  where 
good  racing  courses  wore  available,  and  gave  a  llegatta 
on  the  7th  of  July  of  this  year.  It  was  under  the  aus- 
pices of  the  Alleghany  Association.  Tho  races  were  for 
two-oared  boats  and  four-oared  cii* riggers.  In  tho  four- 
oared  race  there  were  four  entries.  The  distance  was  three 
miles,  and  was  made  by  the  Adams,  in  22.33.  The  Maid 
of  Krin  was  second,  in  22.45.  In  tho  two-oared  race,  tho 
Highland  Maid  was  victorious,  in  27.10  ;  tho  Leader  making 
it  in  27.20. 

On  tho  19th  of  July,  there  was  a  four-oared  race,  three 
miles,  for  three  hundred  dollars,  on  the  Staten  Island 
('oursc,  between  tho  Stranger,  of  Poughkcepsie,  the  Charles 
McKay  and  Judge   Voorhes.     This  race   was   won  by  tho 


1 


F 

m 
S( 
ar 
d] 
in 
b( 

on 
wl 

St 

P' 
m 

do 

Ci 

sti 

SC' 

tb( 
thi 
Yb 

bol 
Ch 
boi 
mil 
21- 


F 


ly  4th,  whoti 
u-ullNltfllracu 
n  U.D'J  1->J, 
coiul  jirizo  of 

(1()UI)10    Hcull 

13.45.     Daly 

irH,  in  lit. 4*^. 

iiiilos,    and 

by  the  Ilar- 
,  of  the  Ilor- 

flfty  dolUirs, 
arcd  huutH  to 
cU  race,  the 
hundred  and 
second  prize, 
ur-oars,  nian- 

r  cities  where 
0  a  llegatta 
ider  the  aus- 
ec3  were  for 
In  the  four- 
nce  was  three 
;,  The  Maid 
red  race,  the 
jcader  making 

id  race,  three 
Staten  Island 
e,  the  Charles 
3  won  by  tho 


UOWINd — .MODKUN. 


(if) 


Strangor  Crrw,    in    l!l.-Jli.      Tlie    McKay   wa.<i   Kcoml,    in 

l!l.4li. 

Tho  next  Oollcge  I'nion  llegatta  took  ipIulc  on  July 
•^4th.  The  races  were  for  tho  Chamiiionsiiip  and  liondsonio 
."etts  of  colors.  Tho  six-oorcd  laitstrcak  Thetis,  by  Harvard 
Freshman,  won  tho  first  prize  in  1!».40  1-'^;  distance  three 
miles.  Tho  (Jlyuna,  of  Yale,  came  homo  in  L'O.UO.  In  tho 
Sophomoro  race,  the  Harvard  Crew  went  over  the  course, 
and  claimed  the  race,  in  U0.17;  tho  Yale  boat  being  with- 
drawn.  Tlie  shell  race  followed,  and  was  won  by  Harvard, 
in  18.53  ;  Yalo  in  ID.OS  1-2.  Urown  Tniversity  Crew  camo 
homo  in  21.15. 

Tho  Citizens'  Ilogatta,  at  >Vorcester,  succeeded  the  above, 
on  tho  day  following.     There  were  four  races  :  single  scull 
wherries ;    double  scull    wherries ;  six   and   four-oared  lap- 
streaks  ;  six  and  four-oared  shells.     Single  scull  race  and  a 
prize  of  fifty  dollars  was  won  l)y  Josh  Ward,  who  made  two 
miles  in  15.17  1-2.     T.  Doylo  took  tho  second   prize,        ly 
dollars,   in  15.33.     In   tho  double  scull  race,    Doyle  and 
Colbert  won  in  18.18.     Six-oared  race,  three  miles,  for  lap- 
streaks,  won  by  tho  Harvard   Freshman,  in  20.13;  prize 
seventy-five  dollars.     The  Gersh  Banker,  of  Newburgh,  won 
the  next  prize,  of  one  hundred  dollars,  in  18.37;  beating 
the  Harvard  lapstreak,  which  made  the  distance  in  19.44  1-2. 
Yale,  Bix-oared  shell,  19.10 ;  prize  fifty  dollars. 

On  tho  7th  of  August,  a  match  race  took  place  at  Boston, 
between  the  Josephine,  of  that  place,  and  the  Mystic,  of 
Charlestown,  for  a  purse  of  two  hundred  dollars.  Both 
boats  were  four-oared  lapstreaks,  and  the  distance  was  three 
miles.  Josephine  won  tho  race  by  a  long  distance,  in 
21-16. 
5 


I  ^ 


1 


i 


J 


66 


ROWING — MODERN. 


August  8tb,  an  Amateur  Race,  for  minors,  w.tU  two 
prizes,  came  off.  Blaikie  won  the  single  scuU  two  mile  race, 
and  a  pri.e  of  twenty  dollars,  in  15.40  S.L.I  ogg  won  the 
second  prize,  of  ten  dollars,  in  16.43.  ^      ,       .       „ 

On  September  5th,  the  Regatta  House  offered  pnzes  for 
single-scull,  double-scull  and  four-oared  crows.  The  prize 
for  single  sculls,  a  bunting  case  watch,  was  won  by  Kinsley, 
who  made  the  distance,  two  miles,  in  17.15.  The  double- 
scull  race  was  won  by  Doyle  and  Daily,  in  1-34;  F^ 
silver  ice  pitcher.  The  four-oared  race  was  won  by  the  Un- 
dine, manned  by  the  Colbert  crew,  three  miles  m  24.53; 
prize   silver  tea  sett.     The  Mystic  came  in  in  25. -o. 

The  Poughkeepsie  Regitt.  was  held  on  the  same  day 
^vith  this.  Leary  won  a  five  mile  single-scuU  race  in  48.-6^ 
The  double-scull  race  was  won  by  Donahue  and  Brown,  of 
Newburgh,  in  38.26.  The  race  for  six-oared  shells  was  be- 
tween the  Gersh  Banker,  of  Newburgh,  and  J--  ^cKay 
of  Poughkeepsie.     The  McKay  won  the  race,  in  3.^0;  the 

,     .  QO  r,t^      Tbfi   second  day   the   first  race 

Banker's  time  was  32.55.     Ihe   secona  u  y 

was  for  double-scull  working  boats,  and   was   won  by  the 

Maggie,  of  New  York,  in  44.27.     Fay  won  the  single-scull 

racein  39.15.     The  George  W.  Shaw  won  the  race  tor  four- 

cared  shells,  in  32.55.   ,  ,.•*•„ 

On  the  29th  of  September,  the  Alleghany  Assocati  n 
held  its  Second  Annual  Regatta.  The  >Ioo„light  won  llie 
three-mile  single-scull  race  in  23.54.  In  the  race  for  four- 
oared  boats,  the  Adams  won  in  20.13;  the  Princess  coming 
home  in  20.15.  The  next  race  was  for  e.ght-oared  barge  , 
andwascontestedbytheVolante,Imperial,  Undine  and  Alba- 
tros  The  Volanto  won  in  21.15,  Imperial  commg  home  in 
oi  38      The  course  was  three  miles,  for  the  champion  flag. 


ROWING — MODEnN. 


6/ 


ors,    with    two 

I  two  mile  race, 
Li.  Fogg  won  the 

fercd  prizes  for 
ws.  The  prize 
^on  by  Kinsley, 
).  The  double- 
in  17.34;  prize 
won  by  the  Un- 
iiiles,  in  24.53  ; 
n  25.23. 
n  the  same  day 

II  race,  in  48.26. 

,  and  Brown,  of 
ed  shells  was  be- 
d  James  McKay, 
ce,  in  32.40  ;  the 
ay  the  first  race 
was  won  by  the 
on  the  single-scull 
1  the  race  for  four- 

ghany  Association 
[oonlight  won  the 
the  race  for  four- 
le  Princess  coming 
jight-oared  barges, 
Undine  and  Alba- 
ial  coming  home  in 
the  champion  flag. 


The  Albany  Regatta  was  held  on  October  11th  and  12th. 
Dn  the  first  day,  the  three  mile  six-oared  race  was  won   by 
the  Bryant,  in  24  minutes ;  the  Irving  was   second,  in   26 
minutes.     This  contest  was  attended  with  very  little  excite- 
ment, as  the  result  was  too  much  of  a  foregone  conclusion. 
The  race  for  four-oared  boats  followed,  and  was  won  by  the  G. 
W.  Shaw,  in  21,24      The  third  race  was  for  double-sculls, 
and  was  won   by  Young  and  Piepenbrink.     This  race  con- 
cluded the  festival  for  the  first  day.     The  first  race,  on  the 
second  day  was  for  six-oared  shells,  and   was  won   by  the 
James  3IcKay,  of  Poughkeepsie.     The  Zephyr,  of  Albany, 
won  the  second  race,  for  six-oared  barges.     The  fourth  race, 
for  single-sculls,  open  to  all,  was  won  by  Josh  "Ward.     The 
race  for  the  single-scull  championship   of  Albany,  was  won 
V  G.  F.  Baker. 

On  November  5th,  Josh  Ward  pulled  a  great  single  scull 
race  with  Burger,  over  a  ten  mile  course,  at  Poughkeepsie, 
for  five  hundred  dollars.  Much  interest  was  excited  by 
this  race,  which  was  witnessed  by  great  numbers  of  people. 
"Ward  won  the  race  and  money,  in  83  minutes. 

On  the  23d  of  the  same  month.  Decker  and  Fay  had  a 
sculling  match  for  a  purse  of  four  hundred  dollars,  at 
Jersey  City,  over  a  four  mile  course.  Won  by  Fay,  in 
25.30 ;  Decker  coming  home  in  25.34. 

The  Annual  Citizens'  Regatta,  at  Boston,  for  1861,  came 
off  over  the  usual  course,  on  the  4th  of  July,  of  this  year. 
The  single  scull  race,  two  miles,  was  won  by  Josh  "Ward, 
in  13.53;  prize  seventy-five  dollars.  The  double-scull  race 
was  won  by  L'Hirondelle,  two  miles,  in  12.54  1-2;  prize 
one  hundred  dollars.  The  Stranger  won  the  four-oared  race  ; 
distance  three  miles  in  20.07,  and  took  tne  first  prize  of  one 


,i: 


OS 


nOWlNO— MODERN. 


■I- 


1,      Ir..l  and  twenty-five  dollars.     The  Geo.  J.  Brown  took 
hundred  ^"^^'''^^        ,  y^^  ;„  2O.I6.     The  Bix-oar  vaco 
the  second  prize,  of  fifty  doUars,  in  ^v 
was  won  by  the  Amphitrite,  Burnett  Crew  m  19.-,..  taking 
r  Zt  Jize  of  one  hundred  and  seventy-five  dollars.     The 

''fptember  24th.  John  Biglin  and  ^Ymia.  Stevens  had  a 
five  LlescuUing  mateh,  at  Poughkeepsie,  for  two  hundred 
dollars.     Stevens  won  the  race,  in  38.45. 

r.f  Tulv    1862,  on  the  Charles  Kiver.      rre 

tit  ..0  .i.e  -  -,  f»  M.  ;;f ;2^-"'„ : 

Tvlc,  Jr    «n  the  second  pri»,  ten  d«U».,.n  18.14^    In 

b,  rt.  G«..  J.  Brown,  of  »'77"'''l\f„",I/,'J  Ae 
ie  h«nd«d  „d„.n^-fi«  dollar.^    Te  «1'--^^ 

..end  p,i«,  fifty  Ml«.   "  ^'.f„;a'\A,B.ion,in 
race  »•«  the  .amo  diatance,  and  mB  mule  OJ  t 
Sk  the  prize  being  «- Wred  ^    -r^^^^ 
The  McKay  took  the  second  prize,  of  seventy 

M'thtlSth  of  August,  of  this  year,  Ward  and  Ha^nill 
Je  matched  in  a  three  niOe  race.  o„  the  ^^c^^^^^^^^^^^ 
purse  of  five  hundred  dollars.    Hamill  won  this  race 


( 
t 
J 
1 

0 
b 
w 
w 
w 

tl 

fo 
4! 
th 
ra 

ed 
P( 

pi, 
du 
th 
oa 
«la 
Tu 
Or 
th( 
for 


-»=I-t. 


m 


J.  Brown  took 
;hc  six-oar  lace 
n  19.2{^,  taking 
B  dollars.  The 
-five  dollars,  in 

1  Stevens  had  a 
or  two  hundred 

off  on  the  4th 
ed  Crowinshield 
der  eighteen,  in 
3  dollars.     John 
9,  in  18.14.     In 
Oarsmen,   James 
winning  the  first 
took  the  second 
,h  took  the  first 
stance  two  miles. 
loUars,  in  17.33. 
iles,  and  was  won 
21.01  1-2;   prize 
}  Tickler  won  the 
1.      The  six-oared 
,  by  the  Union,  in 
eventy-five  dollars, 
eventy-iive  dollars. 

Ward  andHamill 
he  Schuylkill,  for  a 
1  this  race  in  37.39. 


KOWINO — MODER.N. 


CO 


The  next  Annual  Beacon  Cup  Regatta  took  place  on  the 
Charles  River,  on  the  20th  of  June,  1S63.  Hamill  won 
the  single-scull  race,  of  two  miles,  in  18.05  1-2.  The  Geo. 
J.  Brown  won  the  three  mile  race  for  four-oared  boats,  in 
19.40,  and  took  the  prize,  one  hundred  dollars. 

The  City  Regatta  came  off  on  the  4th  of  J«Iy  following, 
on  the  same  course.  The  two  mile  race,  for  boys,  was  won 
by  John  Tyler,  Jr.,  in  18.18.  The  single-scull  race  was 
won  by  Hamill,  in  15.05.  The  double  scull  race  was  also 
won  by  Hamill,  in  the  same  time.  The  Geo.  J.  Brown 
won  the  four-oared  race  in  20.43.  The  Biglin  Crew  won 
the  six-oared  race   in  20.08. 

On  July  23d,  Hamill  and  Ward  pulled  a  five  mile  race 
for  one  thousand  dollars,  at  Poughkeepsie.  Ward  won  in 
42.29.  Their  next  race  was  on  the  28th  of  September,  at 
the  same  place,  for  the  same  amount.  Hamill  won  this 
race  in  37.38. 

On  October  28th,  Gil.  Ward  and  William  Stevens  pull- 
ed a  five  mile  race  for  a  purse  of  four  hundred  dollars,  at 
Poughkeepsie.     Stevens  won  the  race  in  39.53. 

On  July  4th,  1864,  the  next  Boston  Citty  Regatta  took 
place.  J.  H.  Radford  took  the  first  prize  for  single  sculls  ; 
distance  two  miles ;  time  CO.  02  1-2.  The  C.  B.  H.  won 
the  double-scull  race,  same  distance,  in  19.08.  The  four- 
oared  race  boat,  McClellan,  won  the  first  prize  in  her 
«lass,  over  a  three  mile  course,  in  25.30.  The  P.  L. 
Tucker  won  the  six-oared  race,  same  distance,  in  22.04. 
On  the  19th  of  this  month,  Hamill  and  Ward  rowed 
the  "rubber"  match,  at  Pittsburgh,  over  a  five  mile  course, 
for  one  thousand  dollars.  Hamill  won  the  race  in  40.46. 
The  Citizens  of  Worcester  gave  a  Regatta   on  the   30th 


-jQ  ROWINfl — MODERN. 

of  July  J.  H.  Radford  won  the  singlo-scull  race,  of  two 
miles  in  16.36.  The  four-oared  race  was  three  miles, 
and  was  wonby  the  Geo.  J.  Brown,  in  21.  The  six-oared  raee 
was  won  by  the  Biglin  Crew,  in  19.08. 

On  August  17th.  the  Geo.  J.  Brown,  of  New  lork.  and 
Twilight,  of  Pittsburgh,  both  four-cared  boats,  were  mateh- 
ed  in  a  five  mile  race,  for  one  thousand  dollars  a  side.  The 
Brown  won.  in  33.30. 

;iOn  the  9th  of  November.  Biglin  and  Hayes  pulled  a  five 
mile  mile  race  off  Staten  Island,  for  one  thousand  dol- 
lars.    Biglin  won  the  race,  in  41.12. 

On  July  4th.  1865,  the  Annual  City  Regatta  took  place 
on  the  Charles  River.     The  single-scull  race,  two  miles,  was 
won  by  James  HamiU.  in  16.28  1-2.     The  four-oared  race 
siz-mUes,  was  won  by  the  Biglin  Crew,  in  43.3i     On  the 
same  Jay  the  Boston  Regatta  come  off.  and  naurly  all  the 
races  were  contested  by  the  same  parties  as  m  the  above 
regatta.     The  single-scull  race,  of  two  miles,  was  won  by 
Hamill.  in  16.28  1-2.     The  race  for  four-oared  boats,  was 
contested  by  the  Sam.  CoUyer,  of  New  York,  rowed  by  the 
Biglin  brothers,  and  the  Geo.  B.  McClellan,  rowed  by  two 
men  from   St.    John,  New  Brunswick,  and  two  men   from 
Boston.     The  distance  was  six  miles,  and  the  prize    four 
hundred  dollars.     The  CoUyer  won  the  race  handsome  y. 

The  Milwaukee  Regatta  took  place  this  year,  on  July  4tn, 
over  a  three  mile  course.  The  race  was  for  six-oared  boats 
and  was  contested  by  the  Dwight  Keyes.  the  Kinnickinnick 
and  the  Waucoma.  The  Keyes  and  Waucoma  were  outrigger 
barges,  the  Kinnickinnick  being  a  lapstreak  skeleton.  The 
Keyes  won  the  race  easily  in  18.15.  The  18th  of  July  wit- 
nessed the  race  between  the  Sam  CoUyer.  of  New  York,  rowed 


s 

\ 

^ 

c 

c 

fi 

F 
I 

r 

C 

\ 

1 

V, 

Cl 

b 

T 

3: 

V( 


1  race,  of  two 
s  three  mili-'s, 
B  six-oared  race 

^ew  York,  and 
ts,  were  match- 
rs  a  side.     The 

Bs  pulled  a  five 
thousand  dol- 

gatta  took  place 
,  two  miles,  was 
four-oared  race, 
43.32.     On  the 
id  naarly  all  the 
as  in  the  above 
es,  was  won  by 
Bared  boats,  was 
•k,  rowed  by  the 
n,  rowed  by  two 
(1  two  men   from 
[  the  prize,   four 
s  handsomely, 
rear,  on  July  4th, 
)r  six-oared  boats, 
he  Kinnickinnick 
ma  were  outrigger 
ik  skeleton.     The 
i  18th  of  July  wit- 
f  New  York,  rowed 


ilOWINO — .MODERN. 


71 


by  the  Biglin  brothers  and  Loary,  and  the  Floyd  T.  Field, 
of  Poughkeepsie,  rowed  by  Stevens,  Burger,  Beneway  and 
Wooden,  for  a  purse  of  six  thousand  dollars.  The  race,  al- 
though it  attracted  an  immense  crowd,  was  not  so  close  as 
might  have  been  expected,  the  CoUyer's  crew  winning  by  a 
good  lead,  in  31.10. 

The  next  Regatta  of  importance  was  that  of  the  Citizen's, 
of  Worcester.  Josh  Ward  won  the  single-scull  race,  and 
seventy-five  dollars.  The  four-oared  race  was  three  miles, 
and  was  won  by  the  McClellan,  of  Boston.  Yale  and  Har- 
vard contested  the  six-oared  race,  for  two  hundred  dollars, 
Yale  winning. 

Several  very  interesting  races  took  place  at  inervals 
during  the  rest  of  this  season,  the  most  notable  of 
which  was  that  between  the  two  four-oared  shells.  New  York 
of  New  York,  and  Robert  Earl,  of  Newburgh.  The  race  was 
five  miles,  and  came  off'  at  Sing  Sing,  on  the  Hudson,  for  a 
purse  of  two  thousand  dollars.  The  New  York  was  rowed 
by  two  of  the  Biglins,  Blue,  and  Eckerson.  The  Earl  was 
rowed  by  the  four  Ward  brothers.  Josh,  Gil,  Henry,  and 
Charley.  The  Ward  brothers  won  in  33.05.  The  New 
York's  time  was  33.47. 

On  September  25th,  the  Pittsburgh  Regatta  took  place. 
The  four-oared  race  was  for  seven  hundred  dollars,  and 
was  contested  by  the  New  York,  manned  by  the  same 
crew  as  in  the  above  race,  and  the  Friendship,  of  Pitts- 
burgh, rowed  by  the  two  Hamill's,  Jackson  and  Wolf. 
The  race  was  five  miles,  and  was  won  by  the  Friendship,  in 
32.26.  The  New  York  came  home  in  32.21.  This  was  a 
very  exciting  and  pretty  race. 
On  July  4th,  1866,  we  find   the   Boston  City   Regatta 


■^ItWffi*^*' 


72 


UOWINO— MODKUN 


recorded.  The  single  scull  race,  of  two  miles,  was  won 
by  Walter  Brown,  in  17.10.  The  double  scull  race  and 
one  hundred  dollars,  was  won  by  the  J.  Andrew,  in 
27.49  The  Thetis  won  the  four-oared  race,  and  one  hun- 
dred and  twenty-five  dollars,  three  miles,  in  tiO.  39.  The  six- 
oar  race  and  one  hundred  and  fifty  dollars  was  won  by  the 
Una,  of  Portland,  Maine,  rowed  by  Walter  Brown,  stroke,  and 
five  others,  in  20.41. 

On  the  10th  of  July,  Gil  Ward  and  John  McKiel  pulled 
a  single  scull  match  over  a  five  mile  course,  at  Sing  Sing,  New 
York,  for  two  hundred  and  fifty  dollars.  This  was  won  by 
McKiel,  in  41.00. 

Citizen's  Regatta,  at  Worcester,  Massachusetts,  on  July 
27th,  the  single  scull  race,  two  miles  was  between   Walter 
Brown   and  Josh  Ward.     Brown  won   in   15.15.     Ward  s 
time  15.53.     The  four-oared  race  was  won  by    the  Frank 
Queen,  Walter  Brown,  stroke,  and  three  others,  in  19.41. 
The  P.  L.  Tucker,  manned  by  the  BigHn  crew,  came  in  sec- 
ond in  20  10.     The  third  race  was  for  the  Championship  of 
Worcester,  three  miles,  for  four-oared  boats.     The  Quinsiga- 
mond  and  the  Union  contested  this  race,  which  was  won  by 

the  former,  in  21.04.  „  .     ^  ,- 

On  the  2l8t  of  July,  a  match  race  between  the  Friendship 
and  New  York,  came  off  at  Pittsburgh,  Pennsylvania,  for  a 
purse  of  eight  hundred  dollars.  The  course  was  five  miles, 
with  one  turn.     The  New  York  won  the  race,  in  34.24. 

August  18th,  the  second  race  took  place  between  these 
Doats,  over  the  same  course,  for  one  thousand  dollars,  but 
the  boats  fouled,  and  the  race  was  decided  a  draw. 

On  the  5th  of  September,  Fearon,  of  Yonkers,  and  Wal- 
dron,  pulled  a  five  mile,  single  scull  match,  for  two  hundred 


ROWINIJ MODERN. 


73 


Bs,  was  won 
ull  race  nuJ 
Andrew,  in 
and  one  bun- 
39.  The  six- 
is  won  by  the 
rn.  stroke,  and 

-IcKiel  pulled 
ing  Sing,  New 
is  was  won  by 

setts,  on  July 
tween   Walter 
5.15.     Ward's 
by    the  Frank 
lers,  in  19.41. 
w,  came  in  sec- 
hampionsbip  of 
The  Quinsiga- 
ich  was  won  by 

the  Friendship 
insylvania,  for  a 

was  five  miles, 
,  in  34.24. 
)  between  these 
md  dollars,  but 
draw. 

ikers,  and  Wal- 
for  two  hundred 


dollars,  which  was  won  by  Fearon,  43.37.  On  the  Igth  of 
September,  Walter  Brown  and  Josh  Ward  pulled  their 
groat  three  mile  race,  for  two  thousand  dollars,  in  tlic 
Harbor  of  Portland,  Maine.  The  race  was  very  close, 
and  was  won  by  Brown,  in  22.30,  Josh  coming  home  in 
22.34  1-2.  Then,  on  the  9th  of  this  month,  tlie  City  of  Saii 
Francisco,  away  off  on  the  Pacific  seaboard,  inaugurated  its 
first  Regatta.  The  singlo  scull  race  was  two  miles,  and  was 
contested  by  four  boats.  The  Unknown  was  the  winner,  in 
18.25.  The  race  for  four-oared  boats  was  threemilcs,  and 
was  contested  by  four  boats,  and  won  by  the  Union,  in  24.00  ; 
the  Kearsarge  being  second,  in  26.00. 

The  Springfield  Regatta  took  place  on  September  20th.  Tlio 
six-oared  race  was  won  by  the  J.  W.  Dickinson,  three  miles, 
in  20  18  ;  prize  two  hundred  dollars.  The  single  scull  shell  race 
was  two  miles,  and  was  won  by  Josh  Ward,  in  15.59  ; 
McKiel  was  second,  in  16.03.  The  race  for  four-oared 
boats,  was  won  by  the  J.  A.  Harding,  of  St.  John,  New  Bruns- 
wick, in  21.08  1-4.  The  fourth  race  was  a  handicap,  with 
an  allowance  of  eleven  seconds  per  oar.  The  Dickinson  won 
in  19.11  1-4. 

In  November,  two  most  important  sculling  matches  took 
place.  The  first  race  was  between  McGrady  and  Biglin. 
over  the  Elysian  Field  Course,  of  five  miles,  for  a  purse  of 
five  hundred  dollars,  and   was   won  by   Biglin,  in   89.40. 

The  other  race  was  at  Poughkeepsie,  between  Gil  Ward 
and  Stevens,  five  miles,  for  three  hundred  dollars.  Stevens 
won,  by  three  lengths,  in  38.39.  •,       ; 

This  closed  the  racing  season  for  this  year,  and  this  is, 
perhaps,  a  fitting  time  to  close  this  rather  short  summary 
of  Boat  Racing,  from  the   time  of  its  introduction  into  tlio 


i 


iv 


74 


AHEllICAN    OOLLKOE    KACKf. 


country,  down  to  the  year  1867.  From  18G5  to  1871,  a 
great  many  new  Boat  Clubs  have  been  formed  in  all  so 
tions  of  the  country,  of  whose  races  nothing  will  bo  said 
hero,  but  this  department  will  be  closed,  with  a  brief  history 
of  our  College  Boat  Clubs  and  Races. 

The  foregoing  history  is  not  nearly  so  voluminous  as  it 
might  have  been  made,  but  will  convey  an  idea  of  the 
gradual  growth  and  development  of  the  Rowing  interest  in 
America,  up  to  three  years  ago.  The  leading  contests, 
since  that  date,  are  sketched  in  another  portion  of  this 
Book. 


AMERICAN  COLLEGE  RACES. 


HARVARD    AND     YALB. 

The  Annual  Contest  between  the  selected  Crews  of  Har- 
vard and  Yale  Colleges,  is  an  event  to  which  the  Students, 
the  Alumni,  the  friends  of  both,  and  people,  generally,  in 
New  England,  look  forward  with  keen  interest.  Since  the 
first  University  Race,  the  interest  has  steadily  increased, 
and  these  annual  displays  of  college  muscle  arc  to  the  col- 
legians and  their  friends,  what  the  Annual  Fair  of  their 
Agricultural  Society  is  to  the  farmers  of  New  England. 
The  Race  is  talked  of  from  early  in  the  fall  until  it  occurs, 
in  the  July  following. 


AMKRICAN    COLLECa    RACKt<. 


75 


)  to  1871,  a 

d  in  all   so 

will   bo  said 

1  brief  history 

uniinouB  as  it 
I  idea  of  the 
ig  interest  in 
ling  contests, 
>rtion  of  this 


S. 


rows  of  Har- 
tho  Students, 
generally,  in 
t.  Since  the 
ily  increased, 
0  to  the  col- 
Fair  of  their 
few  England, 
ntil  it  occurs. 


The  men  who  are  to  represent  these  old  Educational  Insti- 
tutions once  selected,  the  greater  part  of  their  spare  time 
for  eight  or  ten  months,  is  spent  in  training  vigorously   for 
the  annual  bout.      People  not  versed  in  such  matters,  can 
have  but  a  faint  idea  of    the  severe   and  thorough  training 
which  these  picked  crews  submit  to,  for  the  sake  of  renown. 
They  are  supported,  and  urged,  and  cheered,  by  their  fellow 
students  and  numerous  friends,  but  the  task  must,  at  times, 
be  harder  than  their  studies.     As  the  time  draws  nigh  for 
the  contest,  their  efforts  are  redoubled,  and  they  are  as  good 
specimens  of  pluck  and  muscle,  when  they  at  last  pronounce 
themselves  ready,  as  can  be  found  anywhere.     This  period 
is  always  welcomed  by  the  students,    who  can  then  throw 
aside  their  studies  and  commence  their  vacation,  with  regatta 
week,  at  Worcester,  the  close  of  which  finds  them  on  their 
way  home,  exultant  o'er  the  victory,  or  sorrowful  o'er  the 
defeat,  of  their  much  praised  or  badly  abused  six.     Collegi- 
ans may  be  divided  into  three  classes :    The  first  is  compos- 
ed of  the  reserved  and  thoughtful,  who  devote  their  whole 
time  to  study,   and  allow  themselves  no  physical  training 
whatever.     Those  who  are  interested  in  sports  and  pastimes, 
and  train  their  bodily,  as  well  as  mental  powers,  form   the 
second.     And  the  third  is  made  up  of  those  who  go  to  col- 
lege, as  they  go  everywhere  else,  to  have  a  good  time,  and 
who  dabble  in  physical  and  mental  exercises,  and  indulgences, 
without  caring  whether  they  learn  or  not— and  to  whom  the 
incorrigible  dullards  are  an  appendix. 

The  first  are  graduated  with  crammed  heads  and  tremend- 
ous phrenological  bumps,  but  have  the  weakest  of  all  weak 
physical  organizations.  The  second  class  come  out  with 
strong  and  healthy   bodies  and  brains,  and  the  third  class 


n 


AMERICAN    COr.I.«UK    IIACR?. 


with  fragments  of  all  sorts  of  knowlodgc,  and  an  uncontrol- 
able  (lesiro  to  sec  more  of  their  father's  money,  which  soemn 
to  be  the  sum-  total  of  their  ambition.  The  kind  of  dov.dop- 
ment  which  training  for  races  gives  the  rowing  students, 
may,  or  may  not  be  just  what  skilled  physiologists  desire  to 
SCO— but  certainly  they  stand  high  ,in  their  classes,  and  arc 
graduated  in  a   thoroughly   sound   condition   of  mind   and 

body. 

The  careful  observer  in  Worcester,  to-day  can  readily  per- 
ceive the  three  classes  of  students  above  mentioned.  Thoy 
are  all  here.  The  Freshmen  were  glad  to  throw  aside  the 
Greek  and  Roman  Antiquities,  their  French  Elocution  and 
Ethics,   and  come  hither. 

The  "  Sophs."  readily  forgot  their  Khetoric,  Geometry. 
History  of  Greece,  Botany,  Chemistry  and  German.     The 
Juniors  rejoice  at  an  opportunity  to  avoid  Natural  Philoso- 
phy and  Latin  Exercises  ;  and,  the  Seniors,  just  graduated, 
feel  dignified,  and  patronize  the   young  Freshmen  with   a 
suavity,  which  the  latter  may  well  imitate  three  or  four  years 
hence.     Here,  also,  are  the  law  students,  who  have  been 
considering  the  various  branches  of  common  law,  equity,  ad- 
miralty,  commercial,    international  and  constitutional  law  ; 
or,  if  commercially  inclined,  the   law  of  agencies,  partner- 
ships, insurance,  shipping,  etc.,  etc..  in  books  whoso  covers, 
according  to  Charles  Dickens,  resemble  underdone  piecrust, 
if  they    resemble    anything.      Even  the  divinity  student, 
whose  mind  is  wrapped  up  in  matters  theological,  and  who  may, 
perchance,   like  many  Another  young  minister,   budded  or 
budding,  have  in  preparation  a  criticism  on  some  one  of  the 
old  theologians    (who  read  the  Bible  in  every  known  lan- 
guage in  which    it  was  ever  published,  and  gave  to   the 


AMKItlCAN    COLLBOH     RACKfl. 


77 


uncontrol- 
(liich  Roertm 
of  dovi;lop- 
j  Btudonts, 
its  desire  to 
cs,  and  arc 

mind   and 

readily  por- 
ned.  They 
r  aside  tho 
locution  and 

Geometry, 
■man.      The 
iral  Philoso- 
)  graduated, 
non  with   a 
or  four  years 
>  have   been 
,  equity,  ad- 
itional  law ; 
ies,  partner- 
hose  covers, 
)ne  piecrust, 
aity  student, 
and  who  may, 
,   budded  or 
oe  one  of  the 
r  known  Ian- 
gave  to  tho 


world,  in  compact  shapo,  tlio  result  of  years  of  resonroh  and 
hard  labor),  wliicjj  is  destined  to  draw  forth  applause  fiom 
iome  village  church  or  lyc'euni,  lias  temporarily  stopped  tho 
dreamy  reveries  wiierein  he  exults  in  advance,  over  tho  en- 
thusiasm which  tho  boobies  who  are  to  hear  his  essay,  will 
eagerly  award  him,  is  here,  though  lio  seems  downcast  and 
melancholy,  as  if  ho  were  encouraging  something  which 
ought  not  to  be.  But  ho  is  interested  in  the  result,  and  re- 
mains, seeking  the  company  of  tlio  medical  and  sciontifio 
students,  who  are,  or  should  bo,  more  sedate  than  the  high- 
spirited  undergraduates.  The  Faculty  is  well  represented, 
tho  Professors  are  on  hand,  and  it  is  seen  that  the  Professor 
of  Greek,  who  has  always  here  and  everywhere  been  as  re- 
served as  a  hermit,  has,  for  tho  nonce,  broken  his  elassio 
shell,  and  seems  wholly  engaged  in  discussing  tho  respective 
merits  of  the  crews.  Every  gentleman  seems  to  have  had 
one  of  those  invitations  which  read  :  "  Your  company  with 
ladies  is  respectfully  solicited,"  as  each  is  I'^companied  by 
an  almost  unlimited  number  of  ladies. 


THE  RACE. 


Punctually,  at  the  appointed  time,  the  Sophomore  Crew 
of  Harvard,  appeared  upon  the  the  Course,  the  first  race  be- 
ing between  the  Sophomores  of  Yale  and  Harvard. 


78 


AMERICAN  COLLBOE   KACB«. 


Tho  prize  was  a  National  Flag,  of  silk,  upon  a  Btaff  sur- 
mounted with  a  gilt  ooglo,  and  a.  triangular  blue  silk  flag, 
ono  side  bearing  date,  "  Worcoster,  July '29tL,  1864,"  and 
the  rovorso,  "  Oollego  Regatta— Sophomore. " 

The  llarvards  had  boon  training  for  about  eight  weeks, 
and  wore  "  well  up,"  with  an  average  weight  of  134  lbs.  The 
Yale  boys  did  not  appear  until  the  signal  was  given.  The 
Crows  were  as  follows  : — 

Harvards — 1860. 
Fred.  C.  Field,  (Stroke.)     S.  A.  B.  Abbott, 
Ed.  V.  Wilkinson,  Ed.  H.  Clark, 

Win.  Blaikie,  Chas.  II.  MoBurney,  (Bow.) 

Costume— White  shirts  and  handkerchiefa,  trimmed  with 
red. 

Yale— 1806. 

C.  Rosevelt,  (Stroke.)  L.  D.  Bulkloy, 

A.  B.  Herrick,  C.  F.  Bacon, 

J.  Pierson,  C.  F.   Brown,  (Bow.) 

Costume— White  shirts,  trimmed  with  blue,  and  blue  silk 
handkerchiefs. 

The  course  was  a  mile  and  a  half  and  return.  The  Um- 
pires for  both  races  were :  Harvard— Richard  H.  Darby. 
Yale— Wm.  Wood.  G.  W.  Bentley,  of  Worcester,  Re- 
feree. 

At  4.13,  the  word  "Go!"  was  given,  Harvard  having 
the  outside.  Yale  started  off  with  about  forty-one  strokes 
the  minute,  and  appeared  to  gain  on  every  stroke.  As  long 
as  the  boats  were  in  sight  of  the  Judge's  seat,  Yale  appear- 
ed to  lead.      Harvard,   when   a  long  way  up   the    course, 


a  Btaff  8ur- 

uo  silk  flag, 

18G4,"  and 

eight  wcoks, 
34  lbs.  The 
given.     The 


•ney,  (Bow) 
irimmcd  with 


(Bow.) 
and  blue  silk 

a.  The  Uni- 
d  H.  Darby, 
orceater,    Rc- 

arvard  having 
ty-one  strokes 
oke.  As  long 
Yale  appear- 
)   the    course, 


.illERICAN    COLMtOB    RACIij. 


T9 


stopped  for  u  few  seco.idH  to  fix  their  cushions,  but  soon 
wont  ahead  again.  On  the  return,  Harvnrd  was  loading, 
and  came  home  ea.sy  victors,  pulling  their  long  stroke.  Tlie 
time  was  :      Harvard's,  19.05.     Yale,  20,10. 


UNIVERSITY  RACK. 


The  Harvard  crow  wore  supposed  to  be  the  best  in  the 
College.  The  Yale  Students  disparaged  their  crew  as  a  bait 
for  bets,  stating  that  they  had  not  practiced  long  enough,  etc., 
etc.  The  Trainer  said  that  they  were  in  good  condition,  and 
if  beaten,  it  would  be  by  better  men.  The  boats  were  from 
the  same  builder,  James  McKay,  of  New  York,  and  wore,  as 
in  the  Sophomore  race,  both  Spanish  Cedar  shells.  The 
average  weight  of  the  Harvard  boys,  was  about  1561bs.  ;  that 
of  Yale  149.  Harvard  was  out  for  a  half  hour  before  the 
time,  probably  to  their  disadvantage.  Yale  did  not  appear 
until  the  signal  was  given. 

The  distance  was  a  mile  and  a  lialf  and  return,   and  Har- 
vard was  on  the  outside.     The  crews  were— 

Harvakd. 
H.  G.  Curtis,   (Stroke,)      J.   Greenough, 
R.  S.  Peabody,  E.  C.  Perkins, 

^•Nelson,  Ed.  Farnham,  (Bow.) 

White  shirts  and  red  handkerchiefs. 


-  :wmss^,mmi^fimssii<ais^»»iimt?^i^s 


80 


tl: 


AMERICAN    COLLEGE    RACES'. 


Yale. 


W.  11.  Bacon,  (Stroke,)      E.  B.  Bennet, 
M.  W.  Seymour,  E.  D.  Coffin.  Jr., 

L.  Stozkotf,  W.  W.  Scranton,  (Bow.) 

Flesh-colored  shirts  and  blue  silk  handkerchiefs. 
At  the  word,  both  boats  started  well  together.  Yale  pul- 
led quick  andHarvards  more  rapidly  than  the  Sophs  had 
done  ;  both  boats  kept  well  together,  apparently,  and  did  not 
deviate  from  the  course.  When  the  boats  finally  disappear- 
ed, neither  side  appeared  to  have  the  advantage,  and  the  bet- 
ting was  even.  When  the  boats  again  came  in  sight,  Yale 
was  ahead,  coming  right  down  the  course,  while  Harvard  ap- 
peared to  have  gone  off  to  one  side.  Thundering  cheers 
arose  on  every  side  as  the  victors  came  to  the  goal.  The 
Yale  boat  came  in  handsomely  ahead,  winning  the  race  and 

the  championship. 

Time:     Yale,    19.01.     Harvard,    19.43   1-2.     The  Old 
Harvard,  in  1860,  made  the  distance  in  13.53. 


CARNIVAL  OF  COLLEGE  SUCKLINGS. 


There  is  a  story  extant  concerning  some  firemen,  who 
wished  to  have  their  engine  painted.  The  matter  was  con- 
sidered by  them  for  some  time,  when  one  of  them,  more 
noted  for  his  muscle  than  his  brains,  settled  this  question 


b; 
lo 

bi 
fr 
at 
A 

76 

co: 

8U 

col 

du 

na 

". 

th( 

inj 

W( 

wa 

Th 

rea 

con 

not 

the 

2 

gull 

an  ; 

phii 

timi 

I 

thro 

out 


1,  (Bow.) 
iefs. 

er.  Yale  pul- 
be  Sophs  had 
ly,  and  did  not 
ally  disappcar- 
e,  and  the  bet- 
in  sight,  Yale 
le  Harvard  ap- 
ndering  cheers 
he  goal.  The 
r  the  race  and 

1-2.     The  Old 
13. 


aiNGS. 


e  firemen,   who 

matter  was  con- 

of  them,  more 

id  this  question 


AUIRICAN    COLLEUB    RACES. 


81 


by  saying  •'  well  boys   lets   have   it   painted  any  color,  so 
long  as  its  red. 

The  Harvard  siudents  seem  to  act  on  this  principle,  as 
bushels  of  ribbon  of  aU  widths  and  shades  of  red  disappear 
from  the  shop  windows  and  appear  as  hat-bands,  neck-ties, 
and  button-hole  ornaments  upon  the  streets  previous  to  the 
Annual  Regatta.     The  Harvard  Freshmen  particularly  make 
very  liberal  displays  and  wear  more  than  all  the  other  classes 
combined.      A  Harvard  Freshman,   generally  speaking,  is 
such  a  concentration  of  impudence  and  audacity  as  no  other 
coUege  or  locality  but  Harvard  and  Boston  vicinage  can  pro- 
duce.    On  their  arrival  at  Worcester  they  register  their 
names  with  immeasurable  flourishes  in  some  such  fashion  as : 
"  Junius  Augustus  Fitzpatrick,    Class  of  71."     This  done, 
they  immediately  ask  the  hotel  clerk  how  the  betting  is  go- 
ing on  the  Freshmen  Base  Ball  match,  supposing  that  all 
Worcester  is  agitated  on  this  question,  and  that  the  clerk 
was  dying  to  impart  a  dozen  columns  or  so  of  information. 
They  become  disgusted  when  they  find  that  Worcester  hardly 
realizes  that  they  are  to  figure  in  Regatta  week  at  all.     The 
contrast  between  th    Yale  and  Harvard  Freshmen  is  <iuite 
noticeable,  the  former  being  for  the  most  part  quiet,  while 
the  latter  are  noisy  and  boisterous. 

A  Harvard  Freshman,  it  is  said,  may  generaUy  be  distin- 
guished by  his  indiscriminate  use  of  the  word  "d n"  and 

an  air  of  aflTectation  and  superiority  which  marks  the  unso- 
phisticated stripling  who  aspires  to  be  a  man  long  before  his 
time. 

Usually,  the  Freshmen  and  "Sophs"  amuse  themselves  by 
throwing  bottles,  tumblers,  chairs  and  every  movable  missile 
out  of  the   Bay   State  windows,    and   damaging  the   sash. 


•-'^■MM^m>SSe»sSa!^iriKKMIUMisatiesi&fsiii, 


^.i*sM*iC3Wjaa'..^n;*4-jrt<ajti^' 


.M^' 


82 


AMEUICAN    COtlEOB    RACES. 


smashing,  doors  vases,  and  such  stationary  furniture,  as  the 
combined  strength  of  three  or  four  of  them  cannot  move. 
The  Annual  Begatta  Concert,  which  is  always  an  enjoyable 
and  •'  recherche"  affair,  over,  the  crowd  of  undeveloped  boys 
hasten  to  the  hotel;  but  the  presence  of  a  squad  of  Police- 
men in  the  hall,  sometimes  quiets  them  down  and  calms  their 
riotous  spirits  in  a  slight  degree.     Once  in  their  rooms  how- 
ever, they  setup  a  prolonged  howl,  which  echoes  through 
the  hotel,  and  brings  to  their  senses  hundreds  of  quiet  peo- 
ple who  have  long  before  gone  off  in  sweet  repose.     The  quan- 
tity of  beans  thrown  out  of  the  window,  as  a  general  thmg, 
indicates  that  Worcester  people  will  lose  their  matutinal  meal 
upon  the  following  Sunday,  unless  tbeir  grocers  procure  a  new 
supply  of  this  popular  food.     The  supply  of  bottles  is,  com- 
paratively  small,  but  what  there  are.  are  thrown  through  the 
windows  into  the  rooms  of  guests,  with  a  freedom  and  accura- 
cy which  teUs  with  wonderful  effect,  and  is  sure  to  cause  a 
volley  of  oaths  from  the  disturbed,   which  would  discount  a 

pirate  crew.  „ 

This  generaUy  proves  too  dull  and  tame  an  amusement  for 
some  of  the  students,  who  become  disgusted  with  its  want  ot 
interest,  and  adjourn  to  the  street,  and  commence  knocking 
down  sign-boards,  door-bells,  etc.,  on  their  way  to  a  neigh- 
boring stable,  where  one  of  their  favc -ite  tricks,  because  the 
one  by  which  they  can«ake  the  most  noise  and  damage  the 
most  property,  is  to  steal  one,  or    if  two  or  three,  so  much 
the  better,  large  lumber  wagons,  ^  hich  are  pulled  up  to  the 
top  of  a  very  steep  hill  somewhere  in  the  vicinity,  and  then 
started  pell-mell,  one  right  after  the  other,  down  the  hill  at 
a  fearful  pace,  amidst  the  hideous,  and  worse  than  Choc- 
taw, yells  of  the  students. 


.-,.>ti«w»»*'  ii*-fiC!*J  vr?  T«!^  -" 


niture,  as  the 
:annot  move. 

an  enjoyable 
eveloped  boys 
uad  of  Police- 
nd  calms  their 
ir  rooma,  how- 
choes  through 
s  of  quiet  peo- 
e.     The  quan- 

general  thing, 
matutinal  meal 
I  procure  a  new 
)ottles  is,  com- 
»m  through  the 
iom  and  accura- 
Bure  to  cause  a 
rould  discount  a 

I  amusement  for 
with  its  want  of 
imence  knocking 
[vay  to  a  neigh- 
Bks,  because  the 
and  damage  the 
three,  so  much 
pulled  up  to  the 
icinity,  and  then 
down  the  hill,  at 
orse  than  Choc- 


AHBRIOAN   OOLLIOB   RACES. 


83 


The  wagons  go  careening  down  the  hill,  damaging  Wor- 
cester's favorite  elms,  fences,  flower  gardens,  etc.,  and  occa- 
sionally running  smack  into  a  house,  which,  if  the  wagon 
does  not  go  clean  through  it  and  km  all  the  inhabitants, 
will  startle  them  into  the  belief  that  they  "  have  awoke  unto 
Judgment." 

This,  and  the  like  kind  of  pranks,  usually  leads  to  the  ar- 
rest of  some  of  the  more  prominent  among  the  sports,  and 
when  this  happens  some  funny  scenes  are  very  often  pre- 
sented at  the  "arraignment."  One  young  scapegrace,  with 
the  smallest  of  small  pantaloons,  and  the  most  insignificant 
of  undeveloped  foreheads,  accosts  the  Marshall  in  this  wise  : 
"See  here.  Mister  Stick-in-the-mud,  we're  three  hundred 
strong,  and  we'll  wallop  the  feed  right  out  of  your  force, 
if  you  don't  let  us  go." 

T^ose  who  remain  at  the  Bay  State,  and  confine  them- 
selves to  the  "  bottlo  and  the  song,"  enliven  the  weary  hours 
in  a  manner  such  as  a  Harvard  student  knows  how  to  do. 
The  plaintive  strains  of  "Champagne  Charlie,"  "Mother, 
may  I  go  and  Swim,"  "  Kaizer,  Don't  you  want  to  buy  a 
Dog,"  "Mary  had  a  Little  Lamb,"  "I  wish  I  was  a 
June  Bug,"  etc.,  etc.,  echo  and  reecho  through  the  halls 
the  livelong  night. 

The  rooms  of  the  sports  are  a  spectacle,  indeed,  during 
this  night  of  debauchery.  "  Gentlemen,  for  a  night"  are 
reclining  in  arm  chairs,  and  chairs  without  arms.  Bo«  -s 
and  shoes  are  cocked  recklessly  on  tables  and  stands, 
amongst  wash-bowls,  vases,  lamps  and  glasses. 

Cigars  are  plenty,  and  no  one  takes  the  trouble  to  spit 
in  the  spittoon,  preferring  rather  to  spit  out  of  the  window., 
and  perhaps  have  the  satisfaction  of  seeing  it  light  on  some 


ii 


11^ 


g4  AMERICAN    COLIiEaB   BACEB. 

paBser  by,  who,  knowing  the  folly  of  attempting  to  get  any 
satisfaction,  generally  contents  himself  by  crossing  to  the 
opposite  side  of  the  street  and  performing  a  series  of  panto- 
mimes, to  the  intense  delight  of  the  boys  from  school.  This 
riotous  behavior  of  the  students  is  a  plague  to  those  who  at- 
tend the  races  for  tla  purpose  of  enjoyment. 


HISTORY  OF  HARVARD  ROWING. 


A  good  many  years  have  elapsed  since  boating  was  first 
introduced  into  Harvard  College,  and  it  is  doubtful  if  that 
venerable  individual,  the  "  oldest  inhabitant "  of  the  Col- 
lege waUs,  could  fix  the  precise  date  of  the  organization  of 
the  first  Boat  Club. 

Certainly,  Harvard  was  one  of  the  first  institutions  of 
learning  in  the  country,  to  adopt  boating  as  its  chief  and 
constant  recreation,  and  it  has  cultivated,  encouraged  and 
nourished  it,  in  a  way  worthy  her  great  name  and  great 

men.  ^ 

It  is,  however,  well  known  that  as  early  as  1844,  a  boat 
was  purchased  by  a  number  of  the  students,  which  had 
previously  been  known  in  the  Chelsea  Regattas,  as  the  Star, 
but  which  was  rechristened  the  Oneida,  a  name  that  has  ever 
Bince  been  borne  by  one  boat  or  other  of  the  Harvard 
Navy.     This  boat  was  manned  with  eight  oars,  and  was  con- 


iiia*K^»i^' 


AMBRICAN    COLLEOK    RACKS. 


85 


to  get  any 
ing  to  the 
IS  ofpanto- 
hool.  This 
ose  'wbo  at- 


^G. 


ing  was  first 
ibtful  if  that 
'  of  the  Ool- 
ganization  of 

Qstitutiona  of 

its  chief  and 

couraged  and 

me  and  great 

s 1844,  a  boat 
t8,  which  had 
,B,  as  the  Star, 
e  that  has  ever 
the  Harvard 
3,  and  was  con- 


stantly in  use,  until  the  class  of  '58  disposed  of  her,  retain- 
ing the  name  and  colors.  She  was  held  by  her  new  owner.'! 
for  about  one  year,  and  was  then  disposed  of  to  an  outside 
Club.  .      '^ 

The  excellent  progress  which  the  Oneidas'  wore  making, 
inspired  their  brother  students  in  the  Senior  Class  to  attempt 
the  formation  of  a  Club.  They  purchaseJ  an  "eiglit," 
thirty-eight  feet  long. 

In  1845,  the  Freshmen  bought  a  boat  called  the  Undine, 
and  in  the  next  autumn  a  new  boat  was  purchased  by  the 
class  of  1847,  which  was  forty  feet  long,  and  rowed  eight 
oars.  Thus,  the  College  owned  four  boats  in  about  fifteen 
months.  The  Oneida,  up  to  this  time,  was  the  only  one 
that  knew  the  luxury  of  a  sheltering  roof  Before  the  ar- 
rival of  their  new  boat,  the  Club  had  purchased  an  old  boat 
house,  which,  af  er  fixing  up  a  little,  was  to  be  her  home. 
The  other  boa's  of  the  College,  the  Undine,  Huron  and  Iris, 
had  always  been  moored  near  Brighton  bridge.  A  boat- 
house  was  erected  in  1846,  eighty  feet  long;  each  club 
paid  thirty  dollars  a  year  for  the  use  of  it. 

All  of  the  Harvard  boats  were  placed  in  this  house,  whicli, 
when  the  new  boat  came,  was  "filled  up."  The  new  boat 
was  a  six-oared  gig,  twenty-six  feet  long,  with  stern- 
sheets.  She  was  much  heavier  and  stronger  than  any  of  the 
others,  and  most  too  heavy  to  be  called  a  race  boat.  The 
Freshmen  class  of  1849,  bought  the  old  boat  of  the  Oneida 
Club.    The  Oneida  Club  built  a  new  boat,    the  Atalanta. 

The  first  boating  contest  in  which  Harvard  was  engaged 
with  outside  boats  was  between  their  boat,  the  Huron,  and 
a  boat  from  Boston,  called  tb^  Wave.  It  came  oflF  over  the 
Cambridge  course,  in  1848.     An  eight-oared  boat  was  pur- 


-  iSiaaaivwamMmK' 


m 


% 


86 


AUXRICAN  COLIBQB   BACKS. 


chased,  caUed  the  Ariel.  The  Oneida  was  BtiU  owned  by  the 
class  of  1849.  And  the  Undine  was  bought  by  a  club  in  the 
class  of  1850.  after  her  former  owners  had  graduated.  In 
1849  there  was  bought  by  the  "  class  of  1851."  an  eigbt-oar- 
ed  boat  called  the  Halcyon.  In  the  autumn  of  1849.  the 
Harvard  boats  were  :  Undine,  eight  oars ;  Ariel,  six  oars  ; 
Halcyor,  eight  oars ;  Oneida,  eight  oars.  There  was  also  a 
small  pair-oar  named  the  Viola. 

There  was  quite  an  excitement  in  1847,  over  the  great 
race  to  take  place  between  the  Oneida  and  Undine,  over 
the  Cambridge  Course,  in  which  the  Oneida  won  hand- 
somely. 

A  race  also  took  place  between  the  Oneida  and  Huron,  in 
which  the  Oneida  also  won.  In  1849  and  1850,  the  clubs 
just  named  were  in  excelent  condition. 

When  the  Undine  crew  graduated,  they  sold  their  boat  to 
a  Boston  Club.  The  Ariel  crew  were  disbanded,  and  their 
boat  was  sold  to  some  parties  in  East  Cambridge.  The 
Halcyon  Club  continued  to  flourish  until  they  graduated, 
when  they  sold  their  boat  to  a  Yale  crew.  From  1851  to 
1854,  the  Oneida  was  the  only  occupant  of  the  Harvard 
boat-house.  But  between  these  years  occurred  the  first  row- 
ing match  with  Yale  College,  at  Centre  Harbor,  on  Lake 
Winnipiseogee,  August  3d,  185"2. 

Harvard  had  the  Oneida  crew,  Yale  the  Shawmut, 
Undine,  and  the  Atalanta.  -In  the  first  match,  in  the  morn- 
ing, the  Oneida  won,  and  in  the  afternoon  she  came  in  first, 
likewise,  and  received  as  a  prize,  the  black-walnut  oars, 
which  are  now  in  Harvard  Hall,  aibong  many  otiier  trophies. 
After  the  class  of  1853  had  graduated,  they  sold  their 
boat  and  boat-house,  to  the  next  lower  class  of '54  and  '55.    In 


AMKBICAN    OOLLEQE   RACES. 


87 


owned  by  the 
J  a  club  in  the 
radaated.  In 
"  an  eight-oar- 
of  1849,  the 
Lriel,  six  oars ; 
ire  was  also  a 

iver  the  great 

Undine,    over 

Ida  won  hand- 

and  Huron,  in 
850,   the  clubs 

id  their  boat  to 
ded,  and  their 
mbridge.  The 
hey  graduated, 
From  1851  to 
if  the  Harvard 
5d  the  first  row- 
rbor,   on  Lake 

the  Shawmut, 
eh,  in  the  morn- 
he  came  in  first, 
ck-vralnut  oars, 
f  otiier  trophies, 
they  sold  their 
'54  and '65.    In 


1864,  an  eight-oared  boat  was  built  for  the  class  of  185G, 
called  the  Iris.  A  floating  boat-house  was  made  for  their 
Club,  and  stationed  near  where  the  boat-house  now  is,  but 
it  went  to  pieces,  and  the  Club  bought  one-half  of  the 
Oneida's  house. 

In  1865,  the  Oneida  was  bought  by  a  class  of  Freshmen 
of  1868,  and  the  Iris  was  sold  to  the  class  of  the  next  year, 
who  changed  her  name  to  Huron. 

In  the  spring  of  1858,  the  Iris  Club  purchased  a  new 
boat,  forty  feet  long.  In  the  spring  of  1856,  there  was 
rowed  at  Springfield,  on  the  21st  of  July,  the  second  race 
between  Yale  and  Harvard.  The  prize  was  an  elegant  sett 
of  colors.  The  time  allowed  was  eleven  seconds  per  oar. 
There  were  entered  four  bouts— Iris  and  "  Y.  Y."  from 
Harvard,  and  the  Nereid  and  Nautilus,  from  Yale.  The 
Iris  came  home  first,  in  22  minutes;  "  Y.  Y."  second; 
Neried  third  ;  Nautilus  last. 

The  success  with  which  the  "  Y.  Y."  was  managed  by  the 
bow-oar,  influenced  most  of  the  crews  to  steer  their  boats 
without  coxswains.  A  change  of  ownership  in  tlie  Iris  and 
Oneida  caused  the  name  of  the  latter  to  be  changed  to  that 
of  Minnehaha.  The  "  Y.  Y.,''  the  Undine  and  the  Huron, 
were  also 'sold  to  other  classes  in  the  College,  the  name  of 
the  Huron  being  changed  to  that  of  the  Lotus.  The  Theo- 
logical students  soon  after  procured  a  six,  which  they  dub- 
bed the  Orion. 

Two  new  boats,  a  six  and  an  eight,  were  built  this  same 
year,  for  the  Oneida  and  Huron  clubs.  •  But  the  "]ou'i- 
est "  event  in  the  history  of  this  eventful  year,  at  Har/ard 
College,  was  the  race  at  Boston,  on  the  4th  of  July,  in 
which  the    "  Harvard,"  built  at   St.  John,  by  Coyle,  and 


i  i 


b8 


AMKBICAN    COLLEOK    BACKS. 


carrying  eight  oars,  won  the  second  prize.  The  following 
spring  the  Minnehaha  was  sold,  and  the  club  purchased  a 
new  six,  the  Camilla.  During  the  spring  and  summer  of 
1867,  there  were  two  important  races  engaged  in  by  the 
Harvard  Clubs.  The  first  was  the  Huron,  against  the 
A'olantc,  of  Boston,  for  a  suit  of  colors.  The  race  was 
won  by  the  Volante. 

In  June,  in  the  Uegatta  on  the  Charles  River,  the 
"Harvard"  eight  was  beaten  by  the  Vuion,  of  Huston, 
six,  because  of  V.aving  to  allow  time.  The  following  fall, 
the  old  Harvard,  which  could  not  be  entered  to  advantage 
in  the  contests,  was  sold  .to  the  students  of  Columbia  Col- 
lege, N.  Y.,  and  a  new  light  "six"  procured. 

In  June,  1858,  at  the  second  Charles  River  Rcgatta> 
the  new  boat  won  the  three-mile  race  in  nineteen  minutes 
and  twenty-two  seconds. 

In  July  1859,  the  first  College  Union  Regatta  was  held  on 
Lake  Quinsigamond,  in  which  were  entered  the  Avon  and 
Harvard,  from  Harvard ;  the  Yale  from  Yale ;  and  the  At- 
alanta,  from  Brown  University.  The  Atalanta  and  Avon 
were  lapstreaks ;  the  Yale  and  Harvard  being  shells. 

The  distance  was  a  mile  and  a  half  and  return.  The  Har- 
vard came  home  the  winner  by  about  five  lengfhs.  The 
Yale  was  second ;  the  Avon  coming  next,  and  the  Atalanta 
bringing  up  the  rear.  Harvard's  time  was  19.18;  Yale 
20.18;  Avon  21.13;  Atalanta  24.40. 

The  next  day  the  Citizen's  Regatta  took  place,  and  the 
Harvard  and  Yale  were  the  only  boats  putting  in  an  ap- 
pearance, although  the  Avon  and  Huron  had  both  been  pre- 
viously entered.  The  race  was  quite  exciting  from  the 
first.  Harvard  showing  a  little  ahead  at  the  start,  but  Yale 


AMERICAN    COLLEGE    RACB9. 


^'}» 


The  following 
lb  purchased  a 
ind  summer  of 
ged  in  by  the 
I,  against  the 
The  race  was 

08  River,  the 
on,  of  Boston, 

following  fall, 
d  to  advantage 

Columbia  Col- 
>d.  '»  «•' 

River  Regatta, 
neteuu  minutes 

itta  was  held  on 
I  the  Avon  and 
e ;  and  the  At- 
lanta and  Avon 
g  shells. 

urn.  The  Har- 
e  lenglhs.  The 
id  the  Atalanta 
vas  19.18;  Yale 

place,  and  the 
itting  in  an  ap- 
d  both  been  pre- 
cciting  from  the 
!  start,  but  Yale 


managing  to  creep  up  and  turn  the  stake  a  length  or  two  in 
advance.  Yale  won  in  19.14.  Harvard  19.16.  At  the 
Boston  City  Regatta  of  1860,  in  the  race  for  fours  and  Bixc.«, 
Bhfllls,  Harvard  entered  with  three  Roston  boats,  and  won  in 
18.53  U2.  At  the  Boston  City  Regatta,  of  1860,  in  the  race 
for  fours  and  sixes,  shells,  Harvard  entered  with  three  Boston 
boats,  and  won  in  1 8. 53  1-2.  On  the  24th  of  the  same  month 
College  Union  Regatta  No.  2,  came  off.  In  the  first  race,  the 
Thetis,  of  the  Harvard  Freshmen  Class,  defeated  with  ease, 
the  Glyuna,  of  Yale  Freshman  Class.  In  the  next  race,  the 
Harvard  Sophs,  defeated  those  of  Yale.  The  third  and  last 
race  between  Yale,  Harvard  and  Brown,  was  won  by  Harvard 
in  18.53.  In  the  Citizen's  Regatta,  the  Harvard  Freshmen 
entered  the  Thetis,  the  Yale  Sophs  the  Thulia,  and  the  Har- 
vard, Sophomore.  A  foul  occurred  between  the  Harvard 
and  Yale  Sophs,  the  Yale  crew  returning  and  the  Harvards 
pulling  over  the  course,  and  coming  home  in  19.44  1-2 ; 
Freshmen,   20.13. 

The  foul  was  decided  against  Harvard,  but  no  prize  was 
awarded  cither  boat. 

At  the  Harvard  Regatta,  in  June,  1864,  there  was  a 
race  for  club  boats ;  won  by  the  Sophomores  in  20.20.  Two 
days  afterwards  the  race  was  repeated,  and  was  won  by 
the  same  crew  in  19.50. 

On  the  29th  of  the  same  month,  the  College  Regatta 
came  off  at  Worcester.  The  prize  was  a  silk  flag  for  the 
winner  of  each  race,  and  was  contended  for  by  the  Harvard 
Sophomore  crew  and  Yale  Sophomore  crew,  and  was  won 
by  the  Harvards  in  19.04.  The  University  race  then  came 
off,  the  Yale  crew  taking  the  lead  at  the  start  and  winning 
with  ease.      \,  j   .  ,, . 


i?r 


90 


AMBRICAN    COLLKQI   RACK. 


In  the  Citiions'  Regatta,  which  followed,  the  Harvwda 
were  beaten  nx  seconde  by  the  Tucker,  of  New  York. 

At  the  Harvard  Regatta,  July  5th,  1865,  four  Bix-oared 
hhclls  entered,  and  the  race  was  won  by  the  Junior  ClasB, 
in  20.43  1-2. 


YALE  COLLEGE  ROWING. 


The  students  of  the  twin  Colleges  of  America  appear  to  have 
discovered  an  interest  in  boating  at  about  the  same  period, 
as  we  read  of  the  Valo  men  having  purchased  a  boat  in 
li'43,  which  was  used  for  one  year,  and  then  disposed  of. 
In  the  same  year,  a  "four"  was  purchased,  named  tho 
Nautilus.  She  was  what  was  then  known  as  a  Whitehall 
boat,  nineteen  feet  long.  The  "nobbiest"  craft,  how- 
ever, in  the  Yale  fleet  of  this  period,  was  an  eight-oared 
"dug-out,"  forty-two  feet  long  and  twenty-four  inches 
beam,  which,  from  her  model,  was  styled  the  "Centiped." 
The  crew  of  this  boat  had  a  race  with  that  of  the  Nauti- 
lus, which  boat,  in  the  opinion  of  the  former  crew,  trim- 
med too  much  "by  tho  head,"  which  was  a  fault  very  com- 
mon in  those  days,  and  which  the  crew  of  the  Centiped 
kindly  remedied  on  the  night  preceding  the  contest,  by 
making  fast  a  huge  boulder  to  the  after-part  of  the  keel  of 
the  Nautilus,  that  boat,  as  a  natural  consequence,  coming  in 


AMERICAN    COLLKUI    RACE8. 


91 


the  Harvurds 
w  York, 
four  nix-oared 
Juuior  Class, 


appear  to  have 
I  same  period, 
sod  a  boat  in 
a  disposed  of. 
]d,  named  ttio 
s  a  Whitehall 
"  craft,  how- 
an  oight-oared 
ty-four  inches 
B  "Centiped." 

of  the  Nauti- 
er  crew,  trim- 
ault  very  com- 
:  the  Centiped 
le  conteet,   by 

of  the  keel  of 
jnce,  coming  in 


Itohind.  The  first  craft  really  entitled  to  tho  naw  of  raco- 
boat  ever  received  at  Yale,  was  a  six-oarcd  thirty-fi^)t  boat, 
purchased  in  1844. 

An  oiglit-oared  barge,  thirty-eight  feet  long,  was  pur- 
chased, second-handed,  in  1847.  She  went  off  one  night, 
in  a  gale,  without  her  crew,  and  was  cast  away  on  Long 
Island. 

Between  the  years  lb48  and  1851,  two  other  boats, 
both  eigbtp,  were  owned  by  Yale ;  one  an  old  thirty-six 
feet  boat,  built  in  1838,  and  tho  other  a  thirty-eight  foot 
boat,  built  in  1887.  Tho  latter  was  clinker-built,  of  red 
cedar,  and  was  handsomely  furnished.  She  also  was  cast 
away. 

In  1851,  a  boat  twenty  feet  long  pulling  four  oars,  and 
railed  the  Phantom,  was  purchased  and  retained  for  one  year, 
when  it  was  disposed  of  in  trade,  with  "boot,"  for  the 
"  Undine,  which  name  now  haunts  every  water-course  in 
America.  .  ;  ,  '      „     j 

From  1851  to  1855,  several  new  boats  were  added  to  the 
list  already  quite  numerous.  Tho  first  of  these  was  a  fine 
barge,  pulling  six  oars,  named  tho  Atalanta. 

Tho  next  boat  was  one  year  old  when  purchased,  pulled 
eight  oars,  and  was  used  for  three  years  by  her  owners,  who 
scuttled  her  at  their  graduation,  and  sent  her  a-drift.  She 
was  recovered,  however,  by  another  clasF,  and  at  a  slight  ex- 
pense, refitted  for  use.  Two  years  later  she  cast  herself  upon 
the  shore  and  went  to  peices.  . 

In  1862,  a  ship  which  had  won  two  races  respectively  in 
New  York  and  Savannah,  was  purchased  at  Yale  and  rechris- 
tened  the  Ariel. 

The  year   1853  witnessed  an  addition   of    two  boats  to 


: '  -^^a«JatB1Ca»r&WMati^»».<HftM<;  |r>  itSfiOngsXz'fJt^t^ 


7,lW---'J%   .i«i-t%(  J^-%1-  _,;~,,, v.    '.^^8?* 


^- 


9-J 


AMRRlOAN    COLMOI    RAOI*. 


the  Yalo  fleet,  viz:  Tho  Thulia  a  nix-oarcd  largo,  ond 
tlio  Nopontho,  ft  tliirty-fivo  foot  bont.  This  luttor  boat,  ono 
year  aftor  itn  iiitro'luction  to  Y'lilo,  broko  looRe,  like  «>  many 
of  itH  prcdeceHHont,  ••  i>.l  ^'laecd  i«N  caroasa ulongsido  thoso  of  its 
comrades,  in  tlio  grnvtyurd  of  .lio  Yalo  Navy  on  Ijong  In- 
land. 

Ill  IKt'],  tlic  following  boitswfitj  owned  by  Yalo,  to-wit ; 
Tiio  Thulia.  tho  Knginccrs,  tho  Haleyo^,  and  Ariel. 

Tho  ti'-st  review  in  which  all  of  the  ubovo  boatH  took  part, 
moro  was  hdd  in  1H5!J.  In  the  following  yaar,  four  more  boats 
wore  added  'o  the  fleet;  two  forty  feet  race  boats,  tho  Nau- 
tilufl  and  the  Transit,  a  thirty-fivo  feet  four-oarcd  race  boat, 
th"  tiowcna,  and  a  pleasure  bargo,  named  tho  iMida,  thirty 
fee*  long. 

Tiio  fleet  being  now  pretty  largo,  but,  ono  addition  was 
mad»>  in  the  next  two  years,  which  was  a  six-oared  racing 
boat,  tho  Nereid. 

During  1850  and  1S57  several  changes  wore  made,  tho 
llowcna  and  Jndine,  being  removed  from  tho  Navy,  and  the 
names  of  two  others  of  the  boats  changed. 

In  18.58,  however,  a  sort  of  reaction  appears  to  have 
taken  place. 

During  this  year,  five  craft,  of  different  dimensions  and 
classes,  were  placed  in  tho  House.  They  were  a  clinker- 
built  four-oar,  without  Coxswain,  named  Olympia ;  clinker- 
built  six-oar,  named  the  Yale ;  a  six-oarod  bargo,  tho  Va- 
runa  ;  and  tlio  Cymothco  and  Lorelei,  six-oar  race  boatfi. 

The  first  of  tho  "  Yale  Coramencemcnt  Regattas"  took 
place  in  18.53,  and  was  participated  in  by  four   boats. 

The  next  llcgatta  was  in  18.54,  in  whiich  four  boats 
pulled. 


*~=a«*»^»«««He' 


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ttor  boat,  ono 
:,  like  to  many 
ido  tho8o  of  itH 
fy  on  JjO'tg  Ih- 


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\ricl. 

oatn  took  part, 

'our  more  boatH 

»<)at8,  the  Nau- 

ncd  race  boat, 

0  iMida,  thirty 

9  addition  was 
ix-oarod  racing 

roro  made,  tho 
Navy,  and  tho 


pears 


to   have 


dimensions  and 
vcre  a  clinker- 
mpia ;  clinker- 
[largo,  tho  Va- 
T  race  boatn. 
.egattas  "  took 
our  boats, 
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AUKKICAN    COLLEQK     RACKS. 


98 


The  Third  Annual  Race  came  off  at  Springfield,  in  July, 
1855.  Five  boats  pulled,  tho  course  being  three  miles, 
with  one  turn,  and  the  race  was  won  by  the  Nereid. 

The  Fourth  Annual  Race  race  occurred  in  October,  1856, 
four  boats  pulling,  over  a  course  somewhat  less  than  three 
miles  in  length,  the  best  time  being  twenty-one  minutes 
and  twelve  seconds. 

The  Regatta  of  1357,  brought  three  boats  to  the  line 
two  sixes  and  an  eight,  the  course  being  reported  as  more 
than  three  miles,  and  the  best  time  made  being  22  min- 
utes and  fifty-two  seconds,  by  the  Nereid. 

The  first  "  Inter-Collegiate  "  Regatta  took  place  in  New 
Hampshire,  at  Centre  Harbor,  Lake  Winnipiseogce,  of  which 
an  account  is  elsewhere  given. 

The  Second  Union  College  Race  came  off  in  1855,  at 
Springfield.  Yale  entered  the  Nereid  and  the  Nautilus, 
with  Coxswain. 

Harvard  was  represented  by  the  four-oared  boat  "Y.  Y.," 
and  the  Iris,  the  former  without  Coxswain. 

The  race  was  a  handicap,  of  eleven  seconds  per  oar,  the 
distance  being  three  miles,  with  one  turn,  and  was  made  in 
the  following  time :  Iris,  22  minutes;  "Y.  Y."  22.47; 
Nereid,  24  ;  Nautilus,  25  minutes. 

Yale  College  held  her  Sixth  Annual  Race  in  July,  1858, 
in  which  were  entered  the  Olympia,  Varuna,  Nereid,  Omi- 
cron,  and  a  shell,  by  the  Scientific  Class,  without  Coxswain. 
The  Varuna,  which  was  also  a  shell,  without  Coxswain, 
won  the  first  prize. 

The  first  race,  of  1859,  was  between  the  Varuna  and  the 
Olympia,  and  was  won  by  the  Varuna. 

The  first  College  Union  Regatta  between  Harvard,   Yale, 


'I 


'■>   -» 


04 


AMERICAN  COLLEGE  RACES. 


Brown  and  Trinity,  took  place  at  Worcester,  July  2Qth. 
1859.  The  following  boats  were  entered :  Six-oared  shell, 
"Harvard,"  by  Harvard  College;  "Avon,"  six-oars,  lap- 
streak.  Harvard  College ;  Brunonia,  six-oars,  Brown  Uni- 
versity;  "Yale,"  shell,  six-oar,  Yale  CoUege.  Harvard 
was  victorious  in  19.16.     Yale,  W.  16. 

The  next  day  the  first  "  Citizen's  Regatta"  came  off,  and 
was  participated  in  by  two  sixes,  one  from  Harvard  and 
one  from  Yale.  Yale  won  this  race  in  19.14;  Harvard's 
time  being  19.16. 

In  1860,  the  Second  College  Union  Regatta  came  off  at 
Worcester.  In  the  first  race,  the  Harvard  Freshmen  defeat- 
ed Yale,  by  19.40  1-2  to  20.20. 

On  account  of  one  of  the  Yale  Sophs,  taking  sick,  the 
crew  were  unable  to  pull,  and  so  the  Harvard  men  went 
over  the  course  and  claimed  the  race,  making  it  in  20.17. 

In  the  University  Race,  Harvard,  Brown  and  Yale  all 
came  into  line.  Harvard  led  off,  and  never  went  back,  win- 
ning in  18.53.     Yale,  19.5  1-2.  Brown,  21.15. 

At  the  Citizen's  Regatta,  the  following  day,  the  Gersh 
Banker,  from  Newburgh,  beat  Yale  as  follows:  Banker, 
18.37,  Yale  19.10.  The  Freshmen,  of  Harvard  and  Yale, 
also  brushed  this  day,  with  the  following  result :  The  Thetis, 
Harvard,  taking  the  prize  on  a  foul. 


1 


er,   July  2Qth. 
Six-oared  shell, 
"  six-oara,  lap- 
's,  Brown  Uni- 
Harvard 


"  came  off,  and 
m  Harvard  and 
1.14;  Harvard's 

itta  came  off  at 
I'reshmon  defeat- 
taking  sick,  the 
rvard  men  went 
ig  it  in  20.17. 
iTO  and  Yale  all 
went  back,  win- 
15. 

day,  the  Gersh 
Hows :  Banker, 
rvard  and  Yale, 
It:     The  Thetis, 


Practical  Rowing, 


1  I 


'11    -l-UllWWlBBBIPBBJg 


~"M 


> '%.        ■    w     s 


i. 


PRACTICAL   ROWING, 


To  become  even  a  passable  oarsman,  requires  long  and 
continual  practice,  and  to  become  a  first-class  oarsman,  re- 
quires, besides  these,  a  certian  amount  of  natural  skill,  to  en- 
able the  oarsman  to  adapt  his  powers  to  the  work  he  has  in 
hand. 

This  was  not  so  much  the  case,  a  few  years  ago,  when  the 
race  boats  were  large  and  roomy,  being,  for  the  most  part, 
what  are  termed  outrigger  barges  at  the  present  day,  but  in 
the  delicately  constructed  shells  in  which  most  all  races  are 
pulled  now-a-days,  it  is  absolutely  necessary  for  a  man  to  be 
wide  awake  and  prompt  in  his  movements,  as  a  "crab" 
would  be  fatal  to  a  crew  under  full  headway,  in  one  of  these 
crafts. 

There  are  a;  great  many  different  theorieg  respecting  the 
correct  manner  of  pulling  an  oar,  as  there  are  also  a  great 
many  different  styles  of  rowing;  but  aU  first-class  oarsmen 
agree  upon  certain  essential  points,  all  of  which  are  to  be 
embodied  in  the  directions  to  oarsmen  about  to  be  laid 
down. 

It  IS,  of  course,  to  be  supposed,  that  before  entering  a  shell  • 
boat  to  pull,  that  the  crew  have  practiced  sufficiently  long  in 
larger  and  heavier  boats,  to  learn  all  but  one  thing,  viz  :  How 


''^ 


i  11 


9b 


PBACTlCAt    BOWINO 


to  apply  all  their  united  strength,  and  to  balance  the  shell  at 

%::;sho":;d  ha.,  leaded  how  to  feather,  how  to  sit  steady 
in  the  boat  and  pull,  how  to  use  the  body.  arms,  and  legs 
and  all  the  other  essentials  to  a  good  style  of  rowxng.     Dj 
tald  direetions  will  now  be  given  upon  everything  per  a^n.g 
rowtg.  by  a  pruetical  application  of  which  it  «  hoped  tha 
all  my  aUain  to  at  least  a  creditable  profiency  m  the  great 
international  recreation  of  boat  rowing. 

INITIATIVK.  ! 

Before  entering  a  boat  to  pull  with,  or  as.  one  of  a  r  jlar 
crew,  the  party  should  take  some  practice  in  a  single  boat 
raUers  not  particularly  what  style  of  boat  is  used,  bo  that  t 
ben      a  skiff,  and  is  not  supplied  with  stationary  oars  as 
.owing  in  suci  a  craft  as  this  would  be  worse  than  no  prac- 

'Tllon  Whitehall  boat,  such  as  may  ^e  found  upon  aU 
,    .  •   ♦!,«  iioat  Vioat  in  which  to  take  tne 

of  our  lakes  and  rivers,  is  the  best  boat  in  wu 

11     fi™,lv  in  his  hands,  thumb  underneath,  throw   nis 
put  all  the  strength  into  the  pull,  umu 


^—^-■•^^.-aa^c-LiE  : 


PBAOTIOAL    ROWINO. 


99 


ce  the  shell  at 

tr  to  sit  steady 
rms,  and  legs, 
rowing.  De- 
thing  pertainig 
,t  is  hoped  that 
;y  in  the  groat 


one  of  a  regular 
i  single  hoat ;  it 
used,  80  that  it 
ationary  oars,  as 
•86  than  no  prac- 

)e  found  upon  all 
rhich  to  take  the 
plished  oarsman, 
somewhat  to  his 
idcd  with  a  toler- 
niddle  of  his  boat 
laving  placed  his 
18  that,  in  pulling. 
j'vag  grasped  the 
rneath,  throw  his 
ven  with  his  toes, 
0  cover  the  blades, 
e  oars  are  brought 


to  a  right  angle  with  the  body,  and  the  "stroke"  is  com- 
pleted. 

After  the  rower  has  obtained  sufficient  practice  to  pull  a 
good,  oven  and  tolerably  regular  stroke,  with  the  body  and 
arms,  he  should  learn  to  utilize  the  muscular  power  of  his 
legs.  In  order  to  do  this,  two  leather  straps  may  be  attach- 
ed to  the  foot-board  or  stretcher,  into  which  the  feet  may  be 
slipped,  and  thus  enable  the  rower  to  bend  his  legs,  without 
endangering  a  loss  of  balance. 

After  this,  at  every  additional  lesson,  he  will  learn  some- 
thing new,  and  will  shortly  be  ready  to  take  his  place  in  a 
boat  with  others,  for  .  .     ,    . 

CREW  PRACTICE. 

The  majority  of  Boat's  Crews  in  this  country,  are  either 
fours  or  sixes,  and  the  manner  of  practicing  and  training 
them  is  precisely  the  same.  Race  boats  proper,  at  the  pre- 
sent time,  are  of  three  kinds  only :  Lapstreak  Skeletons, 
Wooden  Shells,  and  Paper  Shells. 

Outrigger  Barges,  as  also  gunwale-rigged  boats,  are  often 
used  for  racing  purposes,  but  they  cannot  properly  be  term- 
ed race  boats,  as  all  race  boats  are  covered  fore  and  aft, 
outrigged,  and  built  only  to  sustain  a  specified  weight.  In 
most  of  the  lapstreak  skeletors,  it  is  necessary  to  trim  the 
boat,  by  sitting  close  agains  .,!  o  opposite  gunwale  to  that 
upon  which  the  oar  is  pulled,  r.  that  if  the  boat  was  origi- 
nally perfectly  balanced,  it  must  always  have  an  equaUy 
balanced  crew,  otherwise  rocking  wUl  be  the  consequence. 
In  wooden  and  paper  sheUs,  there  is  seldom  more  than  enough 
room  for  a  man  to  get  his  body  into  the  boat ;   so  that 


t 


100 


PBACTlCAIi    BOWINO. 


..trimming"  in  a  Bhell.  means  for  a  man  to  ba  ance  km- 
«elf  perJtly..  and  pull  .-in  the  boat  "-that  «  not  to 
«wing  his  body  in  a  lateral  direction,  but  foro  and  aft. 
Zl  are  generally  buUt  for  certain  crews,  adapte  o. 
pecially  to  the  weight  and  reach  of  the  men  and  wdl 
perfect'  balance  in  the  water,  if  the  oars  are  placed  m  the.r 

T;;:;!'^!  delicately  constructed  shells  of  tl^^ 
requires  much  more  skill  and  accuracy  of  motion  than  to 
pull  in  a  lapstreak;  and.  indeed,  it  is  anything  but  afore- 
gone  conclusion  that,  because  a  man  pulls  well  in  a  heavy 
boat,  he  will  pull  well  in  a  shell,  as  some  men  can  never 
become  sufficiently  true  and  graceful  in  their  movements,  to 
make  good  pullers  in  a  shell. 

Nevertheless,  the  proper  way  to  become  a  good  p«Uer, 
to  practice  first  in  a  large  boat.  as.  if  one  is  a  poor  pulle 
in  a  stiff  boat,  he  can  hardly  e.pect  to  pull  well  in  a 

'' The  positions  of  the  men  in  the  boat  will,  as  a  matter  of 

eoursc'depend  upon    the  kind  of  boat   it  i.      f   a    ap^ 

streak  of  the  kind  mentioned,   each  man    should  sit  jam 

g  it  he  gunwale,  the  body  very  nearly  straight,  the  head 

well  up  with  the  eyes  looking  straight  aft.  and  no    ou  of 

Tht  bor   The  shoulders  -^^^^^^^-^'-^^:^^ 
wiUnot  "drop."  the  body  being  at  ease  and  the  shoulders 

'Ihe  bfd/lLd  not  sway  from  side  to  side    nor  should 

the  trms  comeback  "chasing  each  other."     The  position 

thXnd  upon  the  oar  is  something  that  -.uir- a  great 

deal  of  attention  as.   unless  the  hand  is  proper^  pla  ^. 

cramped  fingers  will  make  the  pulling  hard  work.     There 


^  '"illTlnw  !■ 


PRACTICAL    ROVING. 


101 


ilance  him- 

ia,  not  to 
'0  and  aft. 
adapted  os- 

and  will,  if 
iced  in  their 

of  this  day, 
on,  than  to 
'  but  a  fore- 
in  a  heavy 
an  "  never" 
ovcments,  to 

od  poller,  i» 
a  poor  puller 
ill  well  in  » 

8  a  matter  of 
i.  If  a  lap- 
lould  sit  jam 
ight,  the  bead 
ad  not  out  of 
that  the  chest 
I  theshouldera 

le,  nor  should 

The  position 

equiros  a  great 

roperly  placed, 

work.     There 


are  different  notions  in  regard  to  the  proper  position  of 
tho  hand,  and  perhaps  most  every  oarsman  will  find  out 
for  himself  tho  manner  in  which  ho  can  best  use  his  hands, 
«nd  yet  it  may  be  proper  to  state  that  the  hands  should,  in  a 
majority  of  cases,  grasp  the  oar  about  six  inches  apart ;  and 
a  great  many  pullers  do  better  by  elevating  tho  thumb  of 
the  outside  hand,  as  it  is  claimed  that  additional  power  is 
thereby  gained.  Whether  this  is,  or  is  not  the  case,  every 
one  will  be  capable  of  judging  for  himself.  The  elbows, 
during  the  recover,  should  be  thrown  well  forward,  and 
in  the   pull,  bo  brought  back  close  to  tho  sides. 

Tho  time  to  put  on  the  poWer,  is  when  the  oar  is  ex- 
actly parallel  with  the  boat,  and  the  pull  should  be  continu- 
ous and  uniform,  from  that  time  until  the  finish. 

One  of  the  greatest  differences  of  opinion  among  boa 
men,  is  upon  this  very  subject  of  when  the  power  may  be 
applied  to  tho  oar  with  the  greatest  advantage  ;  and,  as  on 
account  of  "other  things  not  being  equal,"  it  is  impossible 
to  settle  the  question,  every  person  must  decide,  as  near  as 
possible,  for  himself. 

But  if  he  desires  to  take  advice  upon  the  subject,  he  had 
better  follow  that  above  given,  of  putting  on  the  pressure 
just  as  the  oar  squares  the  waist.     The  reach  forward  is 
an  important  point  to  learn,  and  if  not  thoroughly  under- 
■tood,  will  inevitably  cause  a  fatal  mistake  in  the  style  of 
the  rower.     As  the  arms  extend  forward,  the  handle  of  the 
oar  should  weigh  over  the  instep,  but  should  not  pass  be- 
yond the  toes,  as  when  a  man  overreaches,  he  loses  power, 
from  having  the  oar  enter  the  water  at  too  great  an  angle. 
Prom  bending  so  low,  alsoj  the  muscles  of  the  diaphragm 
•re  cramped,  and  respiration  is  impeded,  so  that  by  ove 


mmmmmm^Kimm 


102 


PRACTICAL   ROWIKO. 


reaching  not  only  i.  there  Ic.  n.u«.ular  force  to  apply,  but 
there  i.  al.o  less  wind  to  accompany  the  application^ 

The  leg.  should  accompany  the  motion  of  the  body  «muK 
taneouBly!  without  any  rocking  motion  and  without  any  la- 
tcrfering  with  the  motion  of  the  arm.. 

The  arm.  and  wri.t.  mu.t  be  .traight  and    ^'ff  "  ^ 

Wade  i.  placed  in  the  water,  at  which  time  it--the  bkd^ 

Hhould  be  perfectly  .traight.  inclining  neither  fore  nor  aft 
BDouiu "   r  ■>  .jj  ^  ,  one    and 

US  in  case  t  inclines  aft.  the  .trolte  wm  do      f 

f   here  i.  much  .peed  on.  will  very  likely  --e  t  e  row  r 
to  «lip  from  hi.  .eat  and  put  the  other,  out.     On  the    ther 

handf  if  it  incline,  forward,  a    "crab"  i.  very  hkely  to 
CBul  .  from  the  fact  that  the  inclined  blade  offer,  an  ir- 

r:^l    surface  to  the    water,    and  the  pressure  i.  thu. 

''"X^^' recover"  should  be  .imultaneou..  on  the  part  of 
every  member  of  the  crew,  and  should  be  propo'^'-;'^  '? 

number  of  stroke,  pulled  per  minute.     When  wha 
termed  a  "spurt"  is  made,  that  is.  when  the  stroke    s  to 
be  duickened    the  stroke  should  not  be  shortened   but  the 
cover  should  be  more  rapid.     The  stroke  sho^d  be  re  u- 
lar    neither  too  long  nor.too  short-but  .ui table  for  the 
Z      To  set  and  maintain  a  stroke  that  will  suit  a  «ew 
uch  as  we  generally  .ee  pulling,  i.  a  work  of  no  .mall  diffi- 
Ta  ty.     One  man  ha.  long  legs,   another  .bort ;  one  man 
Ta.  short  arms,   another  long.      Yet  the  .troke  must  be 
uniform,  and  at  the  .ome  time  not  too  long  for  any  one. 

The  stroke  oarsman  should  be  a  man  of  judgment  and  ex- 
pcrience,  and  one  who  will  not  commit  the  grieveou.  error 
:  setti;g  too  long  a  stroke,  a.  men.  after  ^""8  be 
short,  jerking  stroke.  .0  much    condemned,  feel    that  the 


PRACTICAL    KOWINO. 


103 


I  apply,  but 

tion. 

)  body  aimttl- 

lout  any  iiv- 

,  stiff  as  tho 
— tho  blade— 
fore  nor  aft, 
poor  one,  and 
luse  tho  rower 

On  the  other 
rery  likely  to 

offers   an  ir- 
cssuro  is  thus 

..."    ^' 

)n  the  part  of 
jroportioned  to 
When  what  is 
he  stroke  is  to 
rtened,  but  tho 
should  be  regu- 
luitable  for  the 
will  suit  a  crew 
f  no  small  diffi- 
short;  one  man 
stroke  must  be 
for  any  one. 
judgment  and  ex- 
e  grieveous  error 
fter  hearing    the 
d,  feel    that  the 


longer  they  make  tho  stroke  tho  nearer  thoy  get  to  perfec- 
tion. A  long  armed  man  can  accommodate  himself  to  a 
stroke  within  his  roach,  but  it  is  an  utter  impossibility  for 
a  short  armed  man  to  pull  outside  of  bis  reach. 

To  bo  sure,  the  crew  should  be  as  nearly  as  possible  com- 
posed of  men  of  tho  same,  or  nearly  tho  same,  build,  but  it 
often  happens,  that  a  man  selected  for  a  crew,  on  account  of 
his  superior  strength  or  skill,  is  either  too  short,  or  too  long, 
and  where  several  such  men  of  different  deficiencies  are  in  a 
crew,  it  requires  nice  calculation  on  the  part  of  tlie  stroke 
oarsman  to  give  the  right  "card." 

An  English  work  upon  rowing  published  many  years  ago 
divided  the  subject  into  three  parts  for  consideration  ;  first  tho 
Seat ;  second.  Holding  tho  oar ;  third,  the  Stroke.  A  man 
should  sit  well  above  bis  work  in  order  to  command  it  proper- 
ly. The  datum  for  ascertaining  tho  height  at  which  this  ad- 
vantage is  obtained  is  the  following:  In  a  properly  con- 
structed boat  tho  thwart  is  placed  midway  between  the  heel- 
board  and  the  sill  of  tho  rowlock.  When  a  mat  is  added  the 
man  is  sufficiently  elevated  to  sit  well  above  his  oar's  handle, 
and  to  wield  it  with  facility.  If  ho  sits  too  low  he  will  row 
with  a  rounded,  instead  of  a  straightened  back,  and  incur  loss 
of  power.  If  he  sits  too  high  ho  will  be  himself  un- 
steady and  liable  to  roll ;  he  will  also  make  tho  whole  boat 
unsteady  by  unduly  raising  the  centre  of  gravity. 

He  will  also  alter  tho  angle  at  which  the  oar  lies  over 
the  gunwale  toward  the  water;  the  least  inclination  is  the 
best.  The  most  commendable  form  of  rowing  mat  is  a  thick 
twilled  flannel,  wound  several  times  around  the  thwart,  quite 
flat  and  extending  several  inches  beyond  the  space  actually 
covered  in  sitting.     It  is  tied  by  two  broad  tapes  fastened  in 


Wli)L,UtJi3iJI, 


104 


PRACTICAL    ROWING. 


a  bow.  undorneatb  the  thwart  and  against  its  forward  edge. 
Half  the  miseries  of  rowing  men,  and  half  their  faults  result 
from  the  maladjustment  of  their  seats.  They  were  seldom 
until  within  a  few  years,  flat  enough,  nor  long  enough,  and 
usually,  the  thwart  itself  was  too  low.  Of  late  years,  how- 
ever, the  improvements  made  in  the  art  of  boat  building  have 
obviated  most  of  the  objections  put  icrth  ten  years  ago,  when 
boating  was  in  its  infancy. 

FEATHERING. 

To  see  a  well-proportioned,  well-trained  boat's  crew  pull- 
ing at  good  speed,  and  feathering  in  unison,  is  to  see  a  sight 
worth  looking  at,  and  one  which  never  fails  to  gladden  the 
heart  of  every  true  oarsman.  The  oar  is  feathered  just  as 
it  leaves  the  water  at  the  finish  of  the  stroke.  The  blade 
leaves  the  water  at  an  angle  of  about  fifty  degree.,  and  is 
feathered  by  a  slight  depression  of  the  wrists  towards  the 

^°A8  to  the  position  of  the  blade  after  it  is  feathered,  and 
while  traversing  the  air  for  a  new  stroke,  it  is  best  to  pre- 
serve a  medium  between  a  perfectly  horizontal  line  close  to 
the  water,  and  a  great  elevation  above  it  in  a  long  curve. 
A  high  toss,  composed  of  a  single  straight  line  up  to  the 
point  of  culmination,  is  quite  inadmissable. 

When  water  is  rough  and  lumpy,  or  when  it  is  thrown 
up  in  a  mass  by  a  strong  man  behind,  fhere  is  danger  of 
catching  it.  if ,  the  oar  is  low,  while  recovering  forward 
in  a  high  curve,  catches  the  wind,  causes  an  ugly  flop  m 
the  water,  instead  of  the  clean,  unsplashing  cut,  and  in- 
volves a  certain  waste  of  labor. 


irwarJ  edge. 
■  faults  result 
(rero  seldom, 
enough,  and 
3  years,  how- 
3uilding  have 
irs  ago,  when 


t's  crew  pull- 
to  see  a  sight 
;o  gladden  the 
hered  just  as 
3.  The  blade 
iegrces,  and  is 
IS  towards  the 

feathered,  and 
is  best  to  pre- 
1  line  close  to 
1  a  long  curve, 
line  up  to  the 

n  it  is  thrown 
re  is  danger  of 
)vering  forward 
an  ugly  flop  in 
Qg  cut,   and  in- 


PRACTICAL,    ROWINO. 


105 


A  very  gentle  curve  is  the  most  commendable  form,  and 
as  it  is  attained  by  a  simple  and  inexpensive  motion,  and 
ensures  safety  in  rough  water,  it  is  to  be  preferred.  By  a 
very  slight  depression  of  the  hands,  the  blade  is  a  little 
raised  at  the  beginning  of  the  traverse,  and  by  a  subse- 
quent check  to  that  depression,  it  descends  gently  to  the 
surface  without  any  hang  or  splash. 

It  is  very  essential  that  a  crew  be  taught  to  feather  with 
exactness  and  on  time  ;  as,  upon  their  success  in  feathering 
depends  much  of  the  beauty  and  efiBcacy  of  their  style. 

Much  more  might  be,  and  has  been  said,  by  different 
writers,  upon  the  subject  of  feathering,  but  I  am  of  opin- 
ion that  if  what  is  herein  given,  as  the  correct  style  of 
feathering,  be  put  in  practice,  there  will  be  no  occasion  to 
regret  having  followed  it.  Rowing  men  have  different  opin- 
ions upon  the  subject  of  feathering,  as  upon  everything  else 
connected  with  the  practice  of  the  art ;  the  Oxford  men, 
for  instance,  feather  quite  high,  while  Cambridge,  on  the 
contrary,  jUst  skim  the  water,  and  although  the  "form" 
of  Cambridge,  or  as  we  call  it  here,  the  "  style,"  has  been 
even  fanatically  condemned,  yet  it  vanquished  that  of  its 
proud  compeer  last  season. 

But  whatever  the  "style"  of  the  feather,  whether  it  be 
high,  low,  or  medium,  it  should  be  practiced  until  nearly 
perfect. 

There  are  a  great  many  faults  committed  by  oarsmen, 
not  only  as  beginners,  but  oftentimes,  after  seasons  of  prac- 
tice, which  have  been  catalogued  over  and  over  again,  with 
the  correct  manner  of  doing  the  work,  much  as  a  homoeo- 
pathic physician  catalogues  diseases  with  the  appropriate 
sugar  pill  which  is  to  effect  the  cure. 


..U  ™J.l',UJili!H.' 


106 


PRACTICAL    BOWING. 


Perhaps  the  following  advice,  in  verse,  may  not  be  out  of 
place  here  as  setting  forth,  in  a  few  words,  the  secret  of 
good  rowing : 

"  Catch  your  stroke  at  the  beginning, 

Then  let  legs  with  vigor  work ; 
Little  hope  has  he  of  winning 

"Who  his  stretcher  loves  to  shirk. 
Let  your  rigid  arms  extended 

Be  as  straight  as  pokers  two ; 
And  until  the  stroke  is  ended 

Pull  it,  without  jerking  through." 

CORRECTING  FAULTS. 

Notwithstanding  the  fact  that  the  faults  of  rowers  have 
been  so  many  times  explained  and  published,  there  appears 
to  be  among  many  of  our  amateur  crews  so  little  attention 
paid  to  their  correction,  that  it  becomes  a  duty  for  me  once 
more  to  expose  the  manner  in  which  puUers  either  shirk 
purposely  their  share  of  the  work,  or  from  ignorance  of  the 
correct  manner  of  rowing,    expend  their  strength  in  the 

wrong  way. 

Not  keeping  time  is  a  grievous  fault,  and  one  very  diffi- 
cult of  detection.  A  practiced  ear  will  generally  detect  a 
slight  want  of  accord,  for  though  the  time  may  be  seeming- 
ly very  good,  there  is  a  barely  perceptible  difiFerence  in  the 
sound  produced  by  an  oar  doing  its  duty,  from  that  made 

by  a  shirker. 

This  should  lead  the  coxswain,  if  there  be  one,  and  if  not 
the  stroke,  to  examine  the  oars  himself,  and  by  careful  inspec- 
tion he  cannot  fail  of  detecting  the  "  loose  screw."     In  a  six 


not  be  out  of 
the  secret  of 


of  rowers  have 
,  there  appears 
little  attention 
iity  for  me  once 
srs  either  shirk 
ignorance  of  the 
strength  in  the 

I  one  very  diffi- 
nerally  detect  a 
nay  be  seeming- 
lifiFerence  in  the 
from  that  made 

B  one,  and  if  not 
by  careful  inspec- 
cre«r."     In  a  six 


PRACTICAL    ROWING. 


lOT 


oar,  the  difficulty  to  a  coxswain  of  watching  a  crew  and  cor- 
recting their  faults,  is  almost  insurmountable;  and  where 
there  is  no  coxswain,  and  the  stroke  oar  is  captain,  there  are 
so  many  difficulties  in  the  way  as  to  mak?  it  utterly  impossi- 
ble. 

I  say  that  in  a  *'  six,"  or  even  a  "four,"  where  the  work 
of  detecting  the  faults  of  a  crew  devolves  upon  the  stroke,  it 
will  be  but  imperfectly  done,  and  then  even,  at  the  expense  of 
other  mistakes  in  the  stroke  himself,  who  has  enough  to  do  to 
see  that  his  stroke  is  what  it  should  be. 

By  what  means  then  is  a  crew  to  become  go  )'i  pullers  and 
have  their  deficiencies  pointed  out  to  them?  MaLlfestly,  there 
is  only  one  way,  and  that  is  to  have  the  trainer  accompany  the 
crew  in  another  boat,  or  if  it  is  a  narrow  river  or  stream  on 
which  the  crew  is  pulling,  he  may  run  along  the  bank,  the  crew 
pulling  slowly,  so  that  he  may  be  able  to  detect  all  their  faults. 
If  no  regular  trainer  has  been  employed,  the  coxswain,  if  there 
be  one,  and  if  not  some  other  competent  party,  should  take  his 
place. 

This  plan  has  been  regularly  pursued  by  many  of  our  best 
crews,  and  it  scarcely  needs  a  lengthy  argument  to  convince 
any  one  of  the  benefits  to  be  derived  therefrom,  or,  indeed,  it 
might  almost  be  said  of  the  absolute  necessity  of  adopting 
some  such  plan. 

In  England,  they  never  think  of  entering  an  "  eight "  in 
a  race,  that  has  not  been  trained,  or  as  they  call  it, 
"  coached,"  in  this  manner.  It  is  true,  that  in  many  of 
our  crews,  every  man  is  heart  and  soul  in  the  contest,  and 
not  in  the  slightest  degree  disposed  to  "shirk,"  intentional- 
ly, and  yet  many  a  man  may  be  doing  the  very  best  he 
knows  how,  and  then  be  pulling  very  poorly.       ^      . 


108 


PRAOTICAL    BOWING. 


Making  the  latter  part  of  the  stroke  in  air,  is  another 
mistake,  that  needs  close  looking  after,  and  will  often  be 
found  to  accompany  the  first  named. 

Round  rowing  is  not  dropping  the  blade  at  once  to  its 
proper  depth,  but  describing  a  segment  of  a  circle,  and  thus, 
having  to  bring  the  oar  up  out  of  the  water  to  feather,  by 
which  the  boat  is  dragged  under  and  her  way  impeded.  Do 
not  row  with  the  elbows  bent,  either  when  on  the  stroke  or 
the  feather,  or  both.  Do  not  keep  the  elbows  out  too  far 
from  the  sides,  as,  although  some  very  good  oarsmen  commit 
this  mistake,  it  doubtless  in  them  merely  looks  bad,  but  there 
is  generally  less  force  applied  to  the  oar  in  that  way  than  by 
keeping  the  elbows  close. 

Looking  at  the  oar,  or  at  any  other  object  out  of  the  boat, 
should  be  sedulously  avoided,  as  this  leads  to  uneven  swing- 
ing, and  often  causes  the  catching  of  crabs,  which  is  the  very 
thing  that  many  suppose  they  will  avoid  by  watching  their 
oar.  After  a  certain  amount  of  practice,  there  will  be  no 
difficulty  in  keeping  "  eyes  in  the  boat,"  and  at  the  same  time 
keeping  perfect  stroke. 

The  twisting  of  the  nock,  in  looking  out  of  the  boat,  also 
tires  and  cramps  the  muscles,  as  any  one  may  satisfy  himself 
by  trying  it,  and  great  inconvenience  and  weariness  is  there- 
by occasioned. 

There  is  also  another  phaze  of  this  fault  which  is,  during 
races,  the  looking  around  at  passing  objects,  or  observing 
the  course  of  the  coxswain,  or  at  the  competitors  in  the 
race.  The  coxswain  will  be  able  to  attend  to  his  business, 
and  if  he  is  not,  the  crew  will  rather  hurt,  than  benefit  their 
chances,  by  paying  any  attention  to  what  he  is  doing.  » 
Dropping  the  head  down  between  the  shoulders  so  that 


I'RACIICAL    ROWINO. 


109 


lir,  is  anot'ier 
will  often  be 

I  at  once  to  its 
ircle,  and  thus, 
to  feather,  by 
impeded.  Do 
I  the  stroke  or 
ITS  out  too  far 
)arsmen  commit 
5  bad,  but  there 
at  way  than  by 

out  of  the  boat, 
uneven  swing- 
hich  is  the  very 
r  watching  their 
there  will  be  no 
it  the  same  time 

f  the  boat,  also 
,y  satisfy  himself 
eariness  is  there- 

which  is,  during 
ts,  or  observing 
mpetitors  in  the 
to  his  business, 
;han  benefit  their 
le  is  doing, 
boulders  so  that 


the  chin  rests  upon  the  breast,  is  one  of  the  most  serious,  as 
it  is  also  about  the  most  universal  and  constant,  of  the  mis. 
takes  made  by  inexperienced  oarsmen.  This  affects  the  work 
of  the  rower  in  a  variety  of  ways,  the  first  of  which  is, 
that  it  greatly  impedes  his  respiration,  and  shortens  his 
wind,  without  which  his  muscle  will  be  of  little  ava"l. 

In  the  next  place,  ho  is  liable,  from  having  his  head  de- 
pressed and  eyes  lowered,  to  neglect  the  proper  B\^ing, 
thereby  rooking  the  boat.  Again,  the  neck  is  as  liable  to 
become  cramped  and  stiff,  by  having  the  head  in  this  posi- 
tion, as  in  the  one  above  spoken  of.  By  keeping  the  head 
well  up,  and  the  back  straight,  but  not  stiff,  there  is  no 
loss  of  wind,  and  all  the  strength  expended  is  on  the  oar. 
Keeping  one  shoulder  elevated  above  the  other,  makes  un- 
even and  tiresome  work.  Catching  the  water  with  un- 
straightened  arms,  has  slackened  tension  as  its  consequence  ; 
thus  time  may  be  kept,  but  not  stroke,  keeping  stroke  al- 
ways implying  uniformity  of  work. 

The  blado  should  be  covered,  up  to  the  shoulder,  and 
the  manner  of  dipping  the  oar  should  be  carefully  watched 
by  the  instructor  or  coxswain,  as  in  attempting  to  avoid  one 
extreme  there  is  likelihood  of  rushing  into  the  other ;  that 
is  to  say,  that  in  making  sure  that  they  cover  the  blade, 
many  pullers  immerse  the  shank.  Doubling  forward,  and 
bending  over  the  oar  at  the  feather,  bringing  the  body  up 
to  the  handle,  and  not  the  handle  up  to  the  body — in  other 
words,  meeting  the  oar,  is  a  mistake  (?)  very  common  to 
lazy  pullers  or  shirkers,  and  only  requires  detection  to  se- 
cure correction.  Keeping  both  the  wrists  convex,  is  also 
a  serious  mistake,  as  the  outside  wrist  should  invariably  be 
flat  to  ensure  a  fair  "take."     Oare  should  be  taken  not  ot 


110 


PRACTICAL   BOWINO. 


T 


strike  the  water  at  an  obtuse  angle— rowing  the  first 
part  in  the  air.  The  feather  should  not  be  commenced 
too  soon  and  then  shivered,  by  bringing  the  blade  into 
a  plane  with  the  water,  while  there  is  yet  time  for  work ; 
thus  the  oar  might  leave  the  water  in  perfect  time,  and 
yet  not  keep  stroke.  This  has  been  designated  as  one 
of  the  most  subtle  tricks  in  rowing,  and  is  one  of  the 
principal  ones  involved  in  the  science  of  shirking. 

Turning  the  elbows  at  the  feather,  instead  of  bringing 
them  sharp  past  the  flanks,  is  another  mistake,  which  is 
generally  unintentional,  and  makes  heavy  work  of  it  for  the 

puller. 

Slackening  the  arms  prematurely,  and  cutting  short  the 
end  of  the  stroke,  is  perhaps  not  so  common  as  some  of  the 
other  faults  mentioned,  and  yet  s  sharp  eye  should  be 
kept  to  see  that  they  do  not  fall  into  this  style  of  pulling. 
Another  very  annoying  thing  in  pulling,  is  to  see  a  man 
throwing  water  instead  of  turning  it  well  aft  oflf  the  lower  an- 
gle of  the  blade. 

A  wave  caused  in  this  way  is  extremely  annoying  to  the 
oar  next  aft ;  there  should  be  no  wash  or  wave  of  any  des- 
cription traveling  astern,  but  an  eddy  containing  two  cir- 
cling swirls. 

These,  it  is  to  be  recollected,  are  faults  to  be  often  found 
in  men  who  have  puUed  for  years,  on  their  "  own  hook," 
and  flatter  themselves  that  they  are  veterans  at  the  oar. 
So  they  may  be,  in  one  sense,  but  it  wiU  require  a  deal  of 
attention  on  the  part  of  the  instructor,  to  make  a  perfect 
oarsman  out  of  one  who  has  piUed  entirely  after  his  own 
notions,  without  any  one  to  guide  him  in  his  work. 

However,  if  a  man  really  has  the  "stuff"  in  him  to  be- 


PRACTICAL    ROWING. 


Ill 


(ring  the  first 
be  commenced 
the  blade  into 
ime  for  work ; 
rfect  time,  and 
ignated  as  one 
is  one  of  the 
rking. 

ad  of  bringing 
itake,  which  is 
)rk  of  it  for  the 

itting  short  the 
D  as  some  of  the 
eye  should  be 
tyle  of  pulling, 
is  to  see  a  man 
oflf  the  lower  an- 

innoying  to  the 
ave  of  any  des- 
taining  two  cir- 

0  be  often  found 
r  "own  hook," 
rans  at  the  oar. 
require  a  deal  of 
make  a  perfect 
y  after  his  own 
his  work. 
"  in  him  to  be- 


come  a  good  puller,  he  w  11  amply  repay  the  little  care  that 
will  be  necessary  to  correct  the  faults  in  his  style. 

THE   COXSWAIN. 

When  a  crew  are  about  to  take  to  their  boat  for  prac- 
tice, the  Coxswain,  or  stroke,  as  the  case  may  be,  will  hold 
the  after  part  of  the  boat,  while  the  bow  oar  holds  the  bow. 
The  men  then  take  their  places  in  regular  order,  on  the 
call  of  the  Captain,  and  when  all  is  ready,  the  Captain  orders 
two  men  to  shove  off ;  which  being  done,  the  crew  lay  on 
their  oars,  while  the  Captain  repeats  the  orders  which  he  is 
going  to  give,  and  the  manner  of  executing  them. 

The  men  being  warned  by  an  order,  bend  forward  to  take, 
and  at  the  word,  all  give  way  together ;  the  stroke  oar 
setting  the  stroke,  and  all  the  bodies,  and  all  the  men, 
swinging  fore  and  aft  together,  the  Coxswain,  if  there  be 
one,  remaining  in  a  perfectly  erect  posture,  without  bobbing 
or  bending  bis  body  with  the  crew,  as  is  often  done  by  in- 
experienced steersmen.  '    '  <     ;  t 

Although  there  may  not  have  been  too  much  said  upon 
the  subject  of  a  crew  pulling  together,  there  has  certainly 
been  too  little  said  about  the  Coxswain's  work,  and  the 
manner  in  which  it  is  usually  performed. 

We  are  rapidly  approaching  the  time  when  Coxswains 
will  be  tinknown  in  American  races,  other  than  barge  races, 
and  then,  indeed,  the  "  best  crew  "  may  win,  which  is  not 
by  any  means,  always  the  case,  in  the  present  system.  It 
is  but  poor  satisfaction  to  see  a  well  built,  well  trained  crew 
"sent  off"  on  a  course  with  good  cause  to  hope  for  suc- 
cess, pulling  as  well  as  men  ever  pulled,  and  then  have  some 


m-Mi^r-t,  —  .-^J»-nu..y  .    - 


112 


PRACTICAL   BOWINO. 


miserable  baulk  on  tbe  part  of  the  coxswain  destroy  erery 
chance  of  iuccess. 

And  yet  any  person  who  has  ever  witnessed  many  races, 
is  no  stranger  to  such  a  sight.  It  is  therefore  important 
that  until  such  time  as  coxswains  shall  bo  entirely  abolish- 
ed, there  should  be  some  rules  laid  down  for  their  guidance, 
which  may  tend  to  assist  them,  to  some  extent,  however 

slight. 

In  a  race,  the  coxswain  has  everything  in  his  own  hands, 
and  if  he  is  either  incompetent,  from  want  of  experience  in 
steering  a  boat,   or  is   timid  and   uncertain  in  his  line  of 
procedure,  the  most  disastrous  consequences  are  likely   to 
result.      The   latter  characteristic  in  the  coxswain  of   an 
American   boat,    in    a    late  international    contest,    turned 
what  might  have  been  a  glorious  victory,    into  a  glorious 
defeat ;  and  should  servo  as  an  example  for  the  future,  to 
aU  crews  who  intend  entrusting  their  fortunes  to  the  hands 
•    of  a  coxswain.     He  should  have  a  "clear  eye  and  a  steady 
hand,"  as  the  two  indispensable  requisites  which  go  to  make 
up  a  good  coxswain;  as  oftentimes  the  course  is  made  con- 
siderably longer  than  it  need  be,  by  certain  nervous  pulls  at 
the  rudder  strings,  which  coxswains,  in  the  heat  and  excite- 
ment of  a  race,  are  very  apt  to  give,  in  the  absence  of  any 
other  means  by  which  to  "help  along"  (?)  the  boat. 

He  should  also  be  as  light  as  possible,  as  the  dead-weight 
in  the  boat  should  be  reduced  to  the  fewest  possible 
pounds.  This,  however,  should,  as  a  matter  of  course,  be 
a  secondary  consideration  to  procuring  a  person  with  good 
judgment  and  experience,  for,  although  some  of  the  cham- 
pion professional  crews  in  England  have  employed  boys  of 
tender  years,  for  coxswains,  in  some  of  their  most  important 


•I 


PRACTICAL    ROWING. 


113 


destroy  erery 

3d  many  races, 
jforo  important 
ntirely  abolish- 
their  guidance, 
sxtcnt,  however 

his  own  hands, 
if  experience  in 

in  his  line  of 
!S  are  likely  to 
coxswain  of  an 
contest,    turned 

into  a  glorious 
r  the  future,  to 
es  to  the  hands 
aye  and  a  steady 
rhich  go  to  make 
irse  is  made  con- 
nervous  pulls  at 

heat  and  excite- 
3  absence  of  any 
f)  the  boat. 
3  the  dead-weight 

fewest  possible 
iter  of  course,  be 
lerson  with  good 
)me  of  the  cham- 
jmployed  boys  of 
jir  most  important 


and  sharply  contested  races,  there  cannot  be  a  doubt  but 
that  more  way  was  lost  to  the  crew,  by  the  attention  which 
the  stroke  oar  was  obliged  to  give  to  the  course  of  the  boat, 
than  would  have  offset  a  few  pounds  more  avordupois,  ac- 
companied by  a  few  additional  years,  placed  in  the  cox- 
swain's seat.  On  the  other  hand,  a  person's  nge  is  not 
always  a  gauge  to  his  endowment  of  brains,  and  very  many 
men  of  mature  years,  have  acted  in  a  manner  more  ridicu- 
lous than  infant  coxswains  ever  did. 

The  coxswain  should  sit  square  in  the  centre  of  his  seat, 
perfectly  erect,  so  as  to  be  able  to  observe  the  manner  in 
which  his  men  do  their  work,  as  also  that  he  may  keep  a 
good  lookout  ahead,  and  steer  a  straight  course. 

The  yoke-lines  should  be  drawn  perfectly  tight,  and  wound 
once  around  his  hands,  so  that  the  slightest  pull  on  either 
one  will  change  the  course  of  the  boat  in  the  desired  di- 
rection. 

The  mistaken  mode  of  having  a  slack  line  generally 
causes  a  much  stronger  pull  to  be  made  than  is  required, 
which  will  then  require  a  counter  pull  on  the  other  side, 
and  so  there  is  often  a  continual  jerking  of  the  lines  which 
makes  hard  work  for  the  pullers.  His  body  should  be  per- 
fectly  erect,  but  in  an  easy  position.  He  should  get  what 
purchase  ho  can  on  the  stretcher  of  the  stroke,  and 
pay  a  good  deal  of  attention  to  keeping  from  rocking  the 
boat  himself,  which  coxswains  very  often  do,  without  being 
corrected  for  it. 

In  regard  to  the  swinging  of  the  coxswain's  body,  it  may 
be  well  to  allude  here  to  the  fashion  of  bending  the  body  so 
far  forward  as  that    the   nose   almost  knocks   against   the 
8 


114 


I-BACTICAL    IIOWIN'I 


bottou^ofthehoat.   thatUc.ccaBionall.io».ewiU.c.^^^^ 
inexperienced  c«x8wain«.  which   act.on   n.a,.y    ot   then 
Ipaly    «Hh    deafening    yells    to     their    n.en    for   n.oro 

''t' have    Been   coxBwainB.     when    the    «ord    to    .'Go'' 
,as   «ten.    conunonee  throwing   their    hodicB   towards  the 
Ttnmof  the  boat,   as  if  endeavoring  to  heat  the.r  hranm 
r  h     si  Un.  yelling  like  Choctaws    in  the  »o.t 

lless  manner.     This  is  not  only  the  most  r.d.culouH     n 
leless  style  of  steering  that  ean  he  ^^^^^^^J^^ 
also  the  most  suicidal  policy  that  a  coxswain   can  pursue, 
twill,  inevitably,  steer  a  crooked  course,   besides  rock- 
in.  the  boat  from  side  to  side,  at  every  "  revolution 

'l!  making  short  turns,  if  the  men  pulling  the  out.  e  oars 
are   tronger'than  those  pulling  the  inside,  they  may  be  ca  - 
Td  upon  for  an  extra    exertion,  but  if  they  WP-    ;  ^ 
he  lighter  or  weaker  half  of  the  crew,  and  are  hable  aft  r- 
iLds  to  be  overdone,  it  is  better  to  ease  the  other  s.d. 
^Z  of  these  means  is  better  than  to  make  Uberal  use 
th    rudder,  which  impedes  the  progress  of  the  boat    a  ^ 
aJtime  hat  the  men.are  doing  then,  utmost;  and  .t  wiU 
be  found  in  practice  that  a  boat  wUl  round  a  stake  or  pqmt  of 
any  kTnd.  in  less  time  by  easing  one  side  than  by  s  eer  ng 
Znd  wiih  full  force  on.  whilst  at  the  same  time,  the  strength 

of  the  men  is  husbanded  , 

H  the  crew  pull  in  a  river  with  a  current,  the  coxswa  n 
should  study  the  course  so  as  to  take  advantage  o  slack  w  te  . 
Jgoing  against,  or  the  full  current  if  going  with  it ;  and  U  is 
he  must  do  according  to  his  position  in  the  race.  v.hich  w.U 
be  constantly  varying  in  different  contests  and  locahties. 


I'BACTICAL    ROWI.Vd. 


115 


)  1)0  wiliicf.^cJ  in 
my  of  tlicin  ae- 
r    imMi    for    morn 

word    to    "Go" 
odics   towards  the 
,  beat  tlicir  braiim 
tawB,   in  the  most 
lost  ridiculous  and 
magined,  but  it  is 
Bwain   can  pursue, 
irse,    besides  rock- 
'  revolution." 
ing  the  outside  oars 
e,  they  may  be  call- 
they  happen  to  bo 
and  are  liable  after- 
jase  the  other  side, 
make  liberal  use  of 
of  the  boat,  at  the 
■  utmost ;  and  it  will 
nd  a  stake  or  pqint  of 
side  than  by  steering 
me  time,  the  strength 

jurrent,  the  coxswain 
antago  of  slack  water, 
;oing  with  it ;  and  this 
in  the  race,  which  will 
ists  and  localities. 


Ho  should  never  attempt  to  stoor  a  boat  iii  a  race  without 
having  previously  gone  over  the  course  a  number  of  times,  to 
familiarize  himself  with  every  object.  The  duties  of  the 
coxswain  aro  arduous,  and  such  as  require  him  in  the  first 
place  to  be  naturally  sharp,  and  afterwards  to  cultivate  his 
"smartness"  to  its  farthest  extent. 

The  relations  of  coxswain  and  crow  are  not  the  same  in 
all  clubs  nor  localities,  but  unless  ho  is  a  very  young  one, 
he  should  generally  have  tho  control  of  the  crew;  and  it  is 
his  duty  to  correct  a  puller,  whenever  he  makes  a  mistake  in 
his  work,  or  hIiows  a  disposition  to  "soldier." 


WITHOUT  COXSWAIN. 

Crews  pulling  without  coxswains  have  duties  to  perform  of 
a  somewhat  diflferent  noture  from  those  who  carry  a  man 
to  do  their  steering ;  and,  although  they  have  more  labor 
to  perform,  they  are  freed  from  the  inoumberance  of  a 
"  worse  than  useless  coxswain." 

It  was  a  grand  step  forward,  when  an  American  crow 
first  resolved  to  "  paddle  their  own  canoe,"  and  leave  cox- 
swains to  those  who  wore  unable  to  do  without  them.  It 
was  a  glorious  triumph  when  an  American  crew  crossed  the 
briny  deep  and  launched  their  craft  upon  the  bosom  of  the 
Seine,  resolved  to  demonstrate  the  practicability  of  their  sys- 
tem. It  was  a  triumph  over  the  sneers  and  jibes  of  English 
boating  men,  who  were  jubilant  over  the  prospect  of  defeat- 
ing them  before  the  world,  and  thus  to  rebuke  the  audacity 
that   had   prompted  them    to    abolish  as   worse   than  use- 


no 


I'HACTIOAL    ROWINU. 


lew"  what  they  contcnduJ,  and  Btill  "do"  contend,  w  an  in- 
diBpenBoblo  rcquiHite  to  a  well  pulled  race. 

But  the  practice  they  had  taken  warranted  thorn  in  going 
the  diBtanco  they  did,  and  the  cheerfulness  and  oonfidonco 
they  maintained  from  first  to  last,  wai  fully  proved  in  the 
race  to  have  good  foundation. 

Their  sarcastic  laughter  as  they  pulled  up  the  homo 
stretch,  must  have  sounded  like  a  death  knell  to  the 
haughty  and  obstinate  oarsmen,  ui)on  whom  the  tables  wore 
now  turned,  and  who,  instead  of  "rebuking"  the  Ameri- 
cans, were  themselves  reminded  that  others  besides  English- 
men may  understand  something  of  the  art  of  rowing. 

Although  coxswains  had  been  dispensed  with,  by  many 
crews,  for  a  considerable  time,  prior  to  the  Paris  Regatta, 
they  were  still  made  use  of  in  many  cases  of  clubs,  which, 
though  they  conceded  the  steering  with  a  "traveler  "  to  be 
the  more  scientific  mode  of  the  the  two,  were  yet  undecided 
as  to  the  expediency  of  adopting  it  in  their  own  case  ;  fear- 
ful that  too  great  an  amount  of  practice  would  be  required 
to  enable  them  to  pull  a  creditable  or  successful  race. 

One  by  one,  however,  the  first  clubs  in  the  country 
abolished  the  steersman  ;  and  the  international  contest,  in 
1869,  between  Harvard  and  Oxford,  created  so  much  discus- 
sion upon  this  point,  and  brought  out  so  many  facts  favor- 
able to  the  American  system,  that  they  were  more  strongly 
impressed  than  ever  with  the  advantages  of  having  their 
boats  constructed  to  carry  the  crew  only. 

The  result  is,  that  over  threp-fourths  of  the  racing 
boats  now  being  built  are  coxswainless,  and  we  venture  the 
assertion  that,  by  two  years  from  the  present  time,  there 


^■■. 


untond,  in  an  iii- 

3(1  them  in  going 
I  and  oonfidonco 
ly  proved  in  the 

d  up   tlio  homo 
^h   knoll    to  the 
a  the  tables  wore 
ig"  the   Amori- 
bosidoB  English- 
jf  rowing. 
1   with,  by  many 
e  PariH  Regatta, 
of  clubs,  which, 
'traveler  "  to  be 
>rc  yet  undecided 
r  own  case  ;  fear- 
ould  be  required 
cessful  race. 

in  the  country 
ttional  contest,  in 
d  BO  much  discus- 
many  facts  favor- 
sro  more  strongly 
I  of  liaving  their 

IB  of  the  racing 
1  we  venture  the 
esent  time,  there 


PRACTICAI,    ROWINil 


117 


will  not  bo  4  single  racing  Hholl  built  for  Amorii'an  watorH 
««  carry  a  coxawaJO.  In  regard  to  a  race  in  which  all  other 
thing*  are  equal,  and  one  crow  rarrios  a  coxswain,  and  in 
the  other  the  Imw  oarHman  steers,  "  the  rosult,"  says  Com. 
Benj.  F.  Hrady,  "dnpends  upon  what  kind  of  coxswain 
one  crow  has,  and  what  kind  of  a  bow-oarsman  the  other." 
This  is  the  whole  thing  in  a  nutshell,  and  should  bo  taken 
into  consideration,  by  those  who  imagine  that  the  mere  fact 
of  a  crow  not  carrying  a  coxswain  will  ensure  them  victory 
over  another  which   employs  one. 

What  Americans  claim  is,  that  a  bow-oarsman  can,  witli 
sufficient  practice,  and  there  are  scores  who  have  it,  do  his 
work  at  the  oar  and  steer  the  boat  as  well. 

This  is  denied  by  most  Englishmen,  who  a-ssort  the  impos- 
sibility of  a  man's  "doing  two  things  at  one  time,"  as  a 
flufBoient  reason  for  understanding  why  one  man  cannot  fill 
the  two  offices,  of  oarsman  and  steerer,  while  they  are 
afraid  to  test  their  system  with  the  American,  by  entering 
one  of  their  boats  with  a  "worse  than  useless"  against  an 
American  boat  steered  by  the  bow  oar. 

However,  they  will  ultimately  be  obliged  to  adopt  this 
system,  as,  although  many  of  their  oarsmen  are  obstinate 
and  determined  to  frown  down  foreign  "  innovations,"  there 
are  many  others  who  are  liberal-minded  men,  disposed  to 
look  favorably  on  anything  likely  to  advance  the  cause. 

The  ooxswainless  boats  are  to  be  seen  upon  almost  every 
boating  course  in  America,  and  are  doubtless  familiar 
sights  to  every  reader  of  this  book.  The  bow-oarsman  has 
his  feet  placed  against  a  cross-piece  in  the  bottom  of  the 
boat,  to  which  are  attached,   one  on  each   side,   two  wire 


118 


PRACTICAL    ROWING. 


line.,  reaching  aft  through  Binall  "eyes"  to  the  rud-^.er. 
„.aking  a  miniature  "walking-beam"  in  the  boat.  By  a 
slight  pre«8ure  upon  either  side,  the  course  of  the  boat  i8 
„,aterially  changed,  and  any  one  can  see,  at  a  glance,  that 
great  practice  is  required  to  enable  a  man  to  sit  looking 
fstern  and  pulling  in  time,  and  as  well  as  the  others,  to 
Btecr  the  boat  on  a  straight  course.  • 

He  should  always,  before  starting  on  a  pull,  look  well  at 
the  course,  and  then,  after  taking  some  object  astern  as  a 
guide,  endeavor  to  keep  the  boat  in  a  straight  line.  Ihe 
Itroke  oar  wiU  regulate  the  speed  of  the  boat  and,  when 
necessary,  call  upon  his  men  for  •'  a  little  more  cider. 

In  using  the  button  oars,  now  so  common,  the  button  ot 
the  oar  should  be  kept  just  inside  the  thowle,  the  outside 
hand  should  take  hold  with  the  thumb  up,  while  the  inside 
grasps  the  loom  just  where  the  rounded  off  part  joins  the 
Lare,  with  the  thumb  underneath  the  oar.  Let  those  who 
enter  a  boat  of  this  kind,  for  the  first  time,  not  be  discour- 
aged at  the  difficulties  which  beset  them,  but  keep  up 
courage,  and  remember  that  "  practice  makes  perfect. 


SCULLING. 

When  a  man  pulls  two  oars,  he  is  said  to  be  pulling  a 
pair  of  sculls,  and  when  boats  are  constructed  for  one  or 
two  men  each  to  pull  a  pair  of  oars,  they  are  said  to  be 
either  single  or  double  scull  boats,  as  the  case  may  b«^ 

The  manner  of  rowing  with  sculls  is  considerably  different 
from  that  of  rowing  with  an  oar  ;  as  in  the  first  instance  two 
paddles,  one  in  each  hand,  are   made  use   of,  while,   in  the 


:  ',1: 

■'.ill  I 


PRACTICAL    ROWING 


119 


to  the  rud'^'.er, 
!  boat.  By  a 
of  tlie  boat  is 
a  glance,  that 
to  Bit  looking 
I  the  others,  to 

ill,  look  well  at 
ect  astern  as  a 
ight  line.     The 
boat  and,  when 
ore  cider." 
1,   the  button  of 
iwle,  the  outside 
while  the   inside 
ff  part  joins  the 
Let  those  who 
,  not  be  discour- 
n,    but   keep  up 
;es  perfect." 


to  be  pulling  a 
icted  for  one  or 
ey  are  said  to  be 
case  may  b<?. 
siderably  diiferent 
5  first  instance  two 

of,  while,   in  the 


latter,   all  the   attention   is  paid   to  one  oar,    and   all  the 
strength  expended  on  it. 

It  certainly  requires  as  much  practice,  if  not  more,  to  be- 
come a  good  sculler  than  to  be  a  good  rower,  as  the  work  has 
got  to  be  done  with  the  utmost  uniformity. 

In  the  remarks  under  the  head  of  "Initiative,"  some- 
thing has  been  said  in  regard  to  persons  desiring  to  enter  a 
crew,  practicing  at  the  beginning,  in  a  largo  boat  ;  and 
some  limited  instructions  are  there  laid  down  for  the  manner 
of  pulling.  It  may  be  well  to  repeat  the  advice  there  given 
as  to  the  necessity  of  first  practicing  in  a  large,  stifl"  boat, 
before  attempting  to  pull  in  an  outrigger.  The  place  of  the 
rower  is  directly  in  the  centre  of  the  thwart. 

He  should  sit  perfectly  straight,  but  not  have  liis  back 
stiff ;  his  foot  placed  firmly  against  the  stretcher,  and  the 
knees  elevated  so  as  that  the  hands  will  just  miss  them.  He 
should  grasp  tlie  handles  of  the  sculls  firmly  witli  thumbs 
underneath,  and  with  arms  perfectly  straight,  reach  forward 
as  far  as  his  toes,  and  take  the  water  with  a  "square" 
blade — both  oars  dipping  simultaneously — and  when  the 
oars  are  even  with  the  boat,  give  almost  a  jerk,  as  the  power 
is  applied,  and  throw  the  whole  weight  of  the  body  upon  the 
oar,  at  the  same  time,  in  order  to  gain  greater  force,  jam  the 
feet  against  the  stretcher,  but  do  not  rise  from  the  seat. 

When  the  stroke  is  completed,  the  oars  should  be  feather- 
ed at  a  medium  height,  by  dropping  the  wrists,  and  a  new 
stroke  commenced.  In  sculling,  as  in  rowing,  there  is  a  great 
diversity  of  opinion  in  regard  to  the  style  of  stroke  that 
should  be  pulled ;  but  to  try  and  set  an  infallible  rule  upon 
this  point  by  which  to  be  guided  at  all  times  and  places,  is 


120 


I'RACTICAL    BOWING. 


i  I' 


t„„,iaic„l.u.ton,.rit   .tt»„tio.;  .nd  )«•.   »"«  ""     "™ 
he.  pcrtap..  j«.t  after  «  race  between  ...  --•     ™  J 
,hieb  puUed  a  long,  ,»eeping  sireke,  (»  «»'«)''■   "'J' 
..Uor.ierk>ng..roko,  (,.  ealW,)  .«eh  '^'^^l^'^. 
lowing  from  some,  wbo,  et  eouree,  understood  .11  .bout      . 
"  Their  short  stroke  killed  them."  , 

Such  superlatively  nonsensleal  remark.  ..the  above  are 
.«LesLde  h/me„  ealling  tbemselve.  o"--"  * 
pretend  to  know  «.m.thing  about  boatmg  The  toUj  of  »«  . 
Irtions  „.  neve,  better  mu..r..cd  than  ,n  a  c^^^  d«_ 
„.t..h  two  year,  ago  announeing  the  result  of  the  intoruni 
lboat',l,tlwhieh  wa.  added  several  gratuitous  re- 
ml  upon  the  manner  in  which  the  raee  wa,  pulled ;  .no 

::rbi:rrw!:i::tr- ^^ 
r:;rb,.Lvar.ha..^^^^^^^ 

rtercl'sT).Ho:!n.lf.rmof0.mbriageb.splaoea 

'T™ '::;••  lt*t  a  «ul,.r  to  pull  U  the  one  that 
he  en  plthe  best,  that  is,  it  is  the  on.  best  su,..d  ,„  ev- 

e  .way  to  his  size  and  form.     H  be  «  «  -»  "*  '»«  "" 
ery  wu.j  ,        .,,       j^    better  time 

„n^  1«<r<i  he  will  certainly  find  that  ne  wiu  uion. 
:  Ue^;  ^a/gue.  by  puU^g  a  long  stroke  than  ^^^t  ^ne 
lere  as  if  he  be  a  short  man  with  short  arms  and  leg^.  he  w.U 
■      XI  It  stroke  with  much  greater  ease  than  a  long  one. 

'Ihetoke  by  which  a  man  can  make  the  best  time  w. 

the  least  fatigue  is  the  one  he  had  better  V^^^^^^^^lZ 

a  long  one  because  Tom  pulls  a  long  one.  nor  a  short  one 

cause  Dick  pulls  a  .short  one. 


PRACTICAL    nOWINli. 


1-21 


one  will  '»ften 
»  crows,  one  of 
jailed)  the  other 
uarks  as  the  fol- 
od  all  about  it  : 

18  the  above, ,  are 
oarsmen,  and  who 
The  folly  of  such 
m  in  a  cable  dis- 
It  of  the  intcruui- 
eral  gratuitous  re- 
tras  pulled  ;  in  one 
Harvard's  style  to 
ftt  it  was  the  same 
ige  the  race  for  the 
ment  of  last  years 
mbridge  has  placed 

pull  is  the  one  that 
B  best  suited  in  ev- 
tnan  with  long  arms 
ill  make  better  time 
e  than  a  short  one, 
rms  and  legs,  he  will 
ise  than  a  long  one. 

the  best  time  with 
r  pull ;  and  not  pull 

nor  a  short  one  be- 


There  is  considerable  knack  in  pulling  a  pair  of  sculls  and 
keeping  a  straight  course,  and  this  knack  has  got  to  be  found 
out  before  any  attempt  is  made  at  pulling  in  a  race.  It  con- 
sists in  learning  by  practice  to  put  an  equal  amount  of  power 
on  each  oar,  which,  if  the  boat  is  a  good  one,  will  be  about 
all  that  will  be  necessary  to  keep  a  straight  course. 


HKLECTINCr  A  OKEW. 

The  task  of  selecting  the  men  for  a  crew  involves  the 
necessity  of  a  pretty  thorough  acquaintance  with  some 
"ology"  or  "ognomy,"or,  at  any  rate,  with  humanity  in 
its  different  shapes  and  forms.  This  task,  if  it  is  to  be  en- 
trusted to  one  person,  should  be  to  some  one  who  is  not 
likely  to  be  deceived  by  a  "mountain  of  flesh"  into  the 
notion  that  he  has  caught  a  young  Hercules ;  nor,  on  the 
othor  hand,  that  because  a  man  is  all  skin  and  bone,  and 
looks  a  little  spare,  that  he  must  be  rejected  as  good  for 
nothing.  ' 

A  man  should  be  stripped,  in  order  to  be  thoroughly  ex- 
amined, as  clothes  often  make  considerable  difference  in  the 
appearance  of  men.  The  legs  play  as  important  an  oflico  in 
the  act  of  rowing,  as  any  other  part  of  the  of  the  frame, 
and  it  is  important  that  the  thighs  should  be  examined,  in 
order  to  be  sure  that  they  will  be  able  to  supply  their  full 
share  of  muscular  force.  The  arms  should  be  muscular, 
with  long  wrists,  straight  elbows,  powerful  and  pliable 
shoulders,  and  more  essential  than  all,  a  strong  muscular 
loin.     Without  strong  loins,  all  the  muscular  strength  of  the 


|0.2  VBACTICAL    KOWINO. 

arn.8  ^ould  count  for  nothing  ;  because,  if  the  loins  arc  y.ak, 
there  will  be  an  inability  to  draw  the  oar  towards  the  body 
and  as  a  natural  consequence,  the   body  goes  forward   and 
meets  the  oar,  and  presents  that  beautiful  and  encouraging 
CO  spectacle  of  a  man  "  meeting  "  his  oar. 

It  is  almost   impossible   to   determine   what   amount   ot 
Htrength  any  form,  or  any  limb,  is  capable  of  puttn.g  forth 
without  a  trial,  and  of  all  portions  of  the  frame  the  back  and 
loins  are  the  least  likely  to  afford  much  information  by  a  digi- 
tal examination.     It  can  seldom  or  never  be  affirmed  with  ac- 
curacy, from  merely  looking  at  a  man.  that  he  will  make  a  good 
oarsman ;  but  it  can  often  be  stated  and  with  every  degree  ot 
truth  from  simple  observation,  that  certain  men  will  "  not 
make  irood  men  in  a  boat. 

A  tall,  somewhat  slouchy  or  clumsy,  high  sliouldercd  man 
will  generally  be  gobbled  for  a  crew,  if  the  trainer  or  captam 
claps  his  peepers  on  him.  In  examining  the  thighs  a  man 
should  have  them  well  developed  without  being  loaded  with 
superfluous  flesh,  as  it  would  be  a  more  promising  sign  by 
considerable,  to  find  them  somewhat  spare,  as  compared  to  the 
rest  of  the  body,  than  too  heavy.  * 

The  Lungs  and  Heart  should  be  pretty  thoroughly  examin- 
ed ;  and  this  although  not  so  set  down,  should  be  the  first 
ground  to  be  looked  at,  as  unless  they  are  in  good,  healthy 
condition,  it  would  be  useless  to  attempt  to  do  anything  with 
the  candidate  ;  for,   although  many  men  of  weak    ungs  or 
heart  have  comparatively  great  muscular  strength   they  must 
inevitably,  fall  short,  if  required  to  pull  a  considerable  dis- 
tance.    The  most  decisive  manner  of  determining  the  condi- 
tion of  the  respiratory  organs  is  by  a  reasonable  trial  of  them. 


c  loins  arc  wjak, 
wards  the  body, 
;oes  forward  and 
and  encouraging 

what  amount  of 
I  of  putting  forth 
ame  the  back  and 
ruiation  by  a  digi- 
!  afl5rmcd  with  ac- 
B  will  make  a  good 
;h  every  degree  of 
»  men  will  "  not  " 

;h  sliouldered  man 
trainer  or  captain 
the  thighs,  a  man 
being  loaded  with 
promising  sign  by 
as  compared  to  the 

thoroughly  examin- 
should  be  the  first 
re  in  good,  healthy 
to  do  anything  with 
of  weak  lungs  or 
strength,  they  roust 
I  a  considerable  dis- 
termining  the  condi- 
lonable  trial  of  them. 


PRACTICAL    KOWI.no. 


123 


but  all  this  has  been  more  elaborately  treated  of  under  the 
head  of  Professional  Training. 

There  is  only  a  certain  amount  of  strength  that  can  bo 
made  available  in  the  present  stylo  of  boats,  and  the  at- 
tributes necessary  to  make  a  successful  puller  in  one  of  these 
boats,  are  strength,  muscle,  nerve  and  elasticity ;  and  any 
additional  weight,  after  these  are  secured,  will  bo  so  much 
dead-wood,  as  in  the  present  style  of  boat,  every  additional 
pound  weight  buries  the  boat  so  much  more. 

TRIMMING  A  BOAT,  ETC. 

The  science  of  balancing  involves  a  great  many  principles, 
at  present  comprehended  only  by  a  few,  whoso  business  does 
not  require  them  to  understand  all  the  wonders  of  nature 
and  art.  The  men  should  be  so  placed  fts  to  keep  the  boat 
on  her  bottom,  without  any  oscillating  motion.  When  it  is 
found  necessary  to  trim  a  boat  by  the  bow  or  stern,  it  may 
be  accepted  as  a  foregone  conclusion,  that  if  that  boat  comes 
in  first,  it  will  be  "in  spite  of  fate." 

This  is  seldom  or  never  the  case  in  the  shells  now  in  use, 
as  in  a  majority  of  cases,  the  weight  and  position  of  every 
man  in  the  boat  is  previously  furnislied  to  the  builder,  and 
there  is  no  guess  work  about  it. 

In  assigning  positions  to  the  crew  the  heaviest  men  should 
be  placed  at  the  midship  oars.  The  lightest  man  should  bo 
at  the  bow-oar. 

RACE  DAY. 

The  morning  walk,  or  run,  should  be  taken,  as  usual,  on 


124 


PRACTICAL    ROWINO 


the  day  of  the  race,  and  a  ligbt  breakfast  should  also  be 
taken.  After  breakfast,  no  more  exercise  until  one  hour 
before  dinner,  when  a  thirty-minutes'  walk  should  be  taken, 
in  some   shaded  park  or  secluded  spot  of  any  kind. 

The  dinner  should  be  somewhat   lighter  than  usual,  and 
should  consist   of  either  roast  beef  or  mutton,  with  light 
biscuit  or  dry  toast ;  a  good  drink  of  cool  coifee,  tea,  or  milk. 
It  is  sometimes  the  habit  of  a  crew  who  have  abstained  from 
the  use  of  liquor,  all  through  their   course   of  training,  to 
take  a  glass  of  liquor  of  some  kind,  generally  egged  sherry, 
just  previous  to  entering  the  boat ;  but  this   course   is  cer- 
tainly open  to  condemnation,  as  trainers  who  make  use   of 
liquor  all  the  time  in  training  a  crew,  admit   that  it  is  not 
given  with  a  view  of  producing  any  beneficial  effect.     They 
say  that  it  undoubtedly  gives  "  power,"  which,  in  this  coun- 
try, would  probably  be  caUed  "Dutch  courage  "—but  that, 
in   very  many   cases,  it  injures  the  wind,  and,   in  delicate 
stomachs,  often  produces  nausea. 

I  should,  unconditionally  advise  a  crew  to  make  use  of 
no  spirituous  liquors,  as  a  drink,  from  first  to  last— from 
their  first  preparation  to  the  completion  of  the  race. 

A  few  minutes  before  entering  the  boat,  the  crew  should 
be  stripped,  and  their  entire  bodies,  particularly  the  muscles 
of  the  arms,  back,  and  shoulders,  rubbed  well  with  the  hands, 
after  which  the  entire  body  should  be  washed  in  pure  alcohol, 
which  should  be  rubbed  over  the  body  with  the  hands  (of  a 
second  person)  until  perfectly  dry.  The.  racing  suit  may 
then  be  donned,  and  a  oloak  or  coat  of  some  kind  made  use 
of  to  protect  the  body  from  draughts  of  air.  A  short  time 
before  the  racing  hour,  the  crew  should  take  their  places  in 


should  also   be 
until   ouo  hour 
should  be  taken, 
,ny  kind, 
than  usual,  and 
itton,  with  light 
Fee,  tea,  or  milk, 
re  abstained  from 
!   of  training,  to 
ly  egged  sherry, 
IS   course   is  cer- 
ho  make  use   of 
t   that  it  is  not 
ial  effect.     They 
lich,  in  this  coun- 
■age  " — but  that, 
and,   in  delicate 

r  to  make  use  of 
irst  to  last — ^from 
the  race. 

,  the  crew  should 
lularly  the  muscles 
b11  with  the  hands, 
ed  in  pure  alcohol, 
h  the  hands  (of  a 
B  racing  suit  may 
me  kind  made  use 
ir.  A  short  time 
ike  their  places  in 


PnACTIClL    KOWINO. 


125 


the  boat ;  and  after  making  sure  that  everything  is  in  work- 
ing order,  pull  leisurely  up  to  the  starting  point,  or  if  there 
is  sufficient  spare  time,  and  there  should  be,  they  should  make 
several   brisk  spurts,    in  order   to  get   "waked  up"  and* 
ready  for  the  contest. 

When  the  boats  are  called  and  lined,  the  crew  should  be 
cool,  confident  and  collected.  Nothing,  at  this  time,  wiU  go 
farther  toward  crowning  the  efforts  of  the  crew  with  success, 
than  confidence  in  themselves ;  as,  if  they  are  excited  and 
nervous,  they  will  be  almost  sure  to  make  a  bad  start,  and 
perhaps  lose  considerable  ground. 

The  whole  attention  should  be  centered  upon  the  work  in 
hand,  and  no  thought  of  the  crowd  or  the  consequences  of 
defeat,  should  be  allowed  to  draw  the  mind  off  from  the 
task  now  li    be  undertaken. 

When  all  is  in  readiness,  and  the  crew  is  waiting  for  the 
word,  they  should  reach  forward  and  prepare  to  "take." 
Care  should  be  had  that  the  oar  descends  into  the  water  in 
the  proper  manner,  and  that  a  good  "hold"  is  had  of  the 
water,  in  order  that  the  lead  may  not  be  lost. 

The  stroke  oar  will  have  to  judge  of  the  amount  of  exer- 
tion  that  had  best  be  expended  to  gain  the  lead,  as,  where 
great  effort  is  made  to  obtain  the  lead,  it  sometimes  causes, 
in  the  minds  of  those  who  have  not  pulled  before  in  a  race, 
an  impression  that  the  crew  are  already  at  the  point  of  des- 
peration. 

The  crew  should  manage  to  keep  clear  of  all  competitors, 
in  more  ways  than  one,  or  at  least  to  keep  their  own  water, 
and  draw  near  the  stake  by  describing  a  long  curve,  or 
quarter   circle,  in   order   that  this   backing-water   may   be 


!' 


126 


PRACTICAL    BOWINO. 


1»0 

.=„  fr.T    &  boat's  chancoa    than 

I,  .kc  cc.  ».  -y"''- "  "J^:  'S,„t..  U  pre.., 

sherry  and  ^ater  ought  to  be  taken. 

KEEPING  STROKE. 

"though  .beta  of -trokei.  no.  -  »»P'"»°"°  ^t;'.;: 

■  :r^ror:i=::-....oee..b, 

and   "pulling"  at  the  same  moment,  to  nearly 

Ihis  pumng  ^^^^^j^    ^ji  ,„. 

can  hope  to  win,  as  a  hght  crew  pumng 
variably  defeat  a  stronger  and  heavier  one  pulhng  an  imper 

f«ot  stroke. 


^T^;Vr-^*     ...^^-^tr^  t^-^^  -rg^-Mi^, 


8  clmncoa    than 
and  then  liavo 

latcbcd,  the  one 
idents,  be  pretty 
race,  dry  clothes 
meed,  a  glass  of 


xact  stroke  set  by 
,g,  and  dipping  as 

that  the  shirker  or 
sp  almost,  or  quite 
ithout  doing  honest 

opleasant  to  hear  as 
the  progress  of  the 
iable  ending  of  the 
want  of  time  in  be- 
•h  is  the  process  by 

I  the  men  swinging 
,  nearly  the  same  de- 

eans  by  which  a  crew 
g  in  concert,  will  in- 
)ne  pulling  an  imper- 


I'RACTICAI,    HOWINd. 


BACKINd  VVATKll. 


127 


Banking  water,  or  "stern  all,"  as  it  is  sometimes  dosig- 
natcd,  is  effected  by  tlie  oar  being  hold  in  the  same  posi- 
tion as  in  the  "  hold  water  "  and  pushed— in  the  opposite 
direction  to  that  of  rowing— through  the  water  and  pulled 
through  the  air. 

At  leaving  the  water,  the  blade  should  bo  well 
feathered,  care  being  taken  not  to  dip  too  deep;  to  re- 
turn in  time,  and  to  maintain  the  same  length  of  stroke. 
All  the  work  should  bo  done  aft  the  thwart,  without  at- 
tempting to  lean  back  past  the  perpendicular. 

This  maneuver  is  a  very  pretty  one,  and  is  made  use  of 
only  in  preparatory  action  or  reviews. 

KEEPING  TIME. 

This  consists  in  the  whole  crew's  feathering  and  recover- 
ing simultaneously ;  and  it  has  been  said  that  it  may  bo 
carried  out  to  a  tolerably  full  extent  by  a  crew,  some  of 
whom  are  accomplished  shirkers,  while  the  others  are 
"honest."  That  this  is  the  case,  scarcely  any  oarsman 
will  care  to  deny,  and  a  great  many  certainly  cannot. 

"        RESTING. 

Resting  or  "easing,'  as  it  is  called  in  England,  is  a  stop 
made  by  the  whole  crew  exactly  at  the  same  time,  at  the 
word  of  the  captain,  when  tlie  oars  should  not  be  wholly  re- 
covered from  the  feather,  but  allowed  to  remain  halfway  be- 


188 


PRAOTlCAb    ROWING. 


U„dc,  the  U»a  __^|  ___^^^_,,„y  „,„, 

for  the  purpose  of  reiresiuBg 

,..,«  *..  ■«.,  ^7' tinrtlt.dv.nug^u.ly  it  .ried. 

This  course  will  be  found  to  wor  b 

for  many  reasons  known  to  every  person  who  ha   ever  p 
iriand  therefore  not,  necessary  to  repeat  here. 


HOLDING   WATER. 

This  is  an  expedient  uiade  use  of  to  stop  thehoat  suddc^y^ 
1  his  18  an  c  p  command  of  the 

"  "  '"""'  t:^^!'       owinr".  W.d,.  of  .b.ir  ««  ».o 
V  he  water.     Ihe  rate  oi  op  ui  j«. ;«  rlmnned  into  the 

,...,;   the  .™.   Ktag   '"'I't*   ,.!«d  .g.™«« 
,      J    -a  rAaaoA   firmlv  upon  the  loom,  to  guaru  »k» 
hand  18  placed  nrmiy     v  ^  „e 

,.  „id    .r  ■"-"'■^J-'  t     :.  cite  .0  .»n,  . 
rrlnt^ll:  Jllev*.,  .-d  p.eU.  .^.e.. 


PRAOTIOAL    ROWtNa. 


V2V 


III  at  right  un- 

18  a  IHtle  oflF, 

jnt  any  rocking 

as  been  advised 

lomentary  rests, 

correcting  any 

igcously  if  tried, 
)  has  ever  pulled 
cat  hero. 


he  boat  suddenly, 
command  of  the 
of  their  oars  into 
he  boat  is  going 
i  dropped  into  the 
while   the   inside 
)  guard  against  a 
ess  the   arms   are 
i^ery  difficult    ma- 
good  speed,  and, 
rhere   some   object 
possible   otherwise 
dopt  this  means  of 
alculate  to  turn   a 
uld  practice  a  great 


deal  at  first,  and  a  boat  hai  often  been  Ksaiatod  round  the 
stake  by  the  stroke  oar  taking  hold  of  the  buoy  or  boat, 
with  his  hand  although  thia  is  generally  against  the  rule. 

TURNING  A  STAKK. 

Different  ideas  are  entertained  among  different  oarnnen 
and  captains  of  crews  in  regard  to  the  best  manner  of  turning  a 
stake,  but  a  few  trials  will  usually  show  the  way  in  which  the 
best  time  can  be  made. 

To  be  sure,  the  great  object  of  a  crew  is  to  be,  if  possible, 
first  at  the  stake,  and  to  most  people,  the  shortest  way  of 
reaching  the  stake  would  seem  to  be  by  keeping  the  boat  in  a 
direct  line  from  the  starting  point. 

Although  this  plan  is  followed  by  a  groat  many  first  class 
crews,  it  is  not  the  proper  way  of  doing  it,  as  the  boats'  pro- 
gress is  chocked  to  a  wonderful  extent  by  this  manner  of  turn- 
ing. 

The  proper  way  for  a  steersman  to  do,  is  to  make  his  boat 
describe  a  quarter  circle  from  the  home  to  the  out  stake.  He 
should  attain  the  outside  of  this  curve  gradually,  by  letting 
the  inside  oars  pull  a  little  stronger  than  the  outside.  It 
will  be  necessary  to  use  the  rudder  but  a  very  little. 

A  special  advantage  of  this  manner  of  turning  the  stake  is, 
that  the  heavy  work  is  more  nearly  equalized  than  in  the 
other.  In  this  way  the  inside  oars  have  to  do  a  little  the 
heaviest  pulling  from  the  home  to  the  out-stake,  but  in  turn- 
ing, the  outside  oars  will  have  considerably  the  hardest  work. 
If  the  boat  rounds  the  stake  on  the  proper  curve,  and  the 
starboard  and  port  oars  each  do  their  work  properly,  the  rud- 
der need  not  be  used  at  all.  In  taking  a  direct  line  from  the 
9 


lao 


I'RACTICAL    ROWINd 


homo  to  the  out,  and  then  "  baiking  ami  pulling  "  aroum*  tlio 
boat  comcH  to  a  doail  stop,  ami  itt  fairly  dragged  at.,  iid 
by  the  outBido  ourn.  In  tlio  way  advised,  of  deHtrihing  a 
((uortcr  circle,  alth"ugli  it  bccuih  like  losing  ground,  it  Ih  real- 
ly a  conBiderablo  gain,  and  if  executed  properly,  the  boat 
will  go  round  on  t lie  jump. 


TIIK  SLIDK  STROKE. 

The  many  improvements  that  arc  constantly  being  made, 
in  the  manneir  of  constructing  boats,    and   the   method   of 
rowing,  is  sufficient  proof  that  the  devotees  of  the  art  arc 
increasing  in  number.     The  latest  change  was  brought  about 
by  the  introduction  of  a  new  seat,  crossing  the  thwart  and 
running  fore  and  aft— paroUel  with  the  boat.     This  seat  is 
polished   perfectly  smooth,    and  upon  it   the   rower  slides. 
The  board  is   about   sixteen    inches   in  length,    and  wide 
enough  for  comfort,  and  should  bo  well  coated  with  grease, 
in  order  to  insure  a  rapid  slide.     It  will  be  necessary  to 
have  a  pair  of  pantaloons  especially  for  this  work,  and  these 
should  not  bo  of  the  skimpy  measurement  now  in  style,  as  an 
easy  and  effective  movement  of  the  limbs  would  be  impossi- 
ble in  them.     They  should  be  constructed  on  a  sufficiently 
roomy  scale  to  allow  free  play  to  the  legs,   and  ought  not  to 
be  of  very  heavy  material.     A  piece  of  chamois   or  buck- 
skin should  be  fastened  on  the  inside  of  the  pantaloons  on 
that  portion  most  actively  engaged  in  the  work,  forming  a 
sk-cond  seat.     The  difficulty  of  acquiring  this   stroke  is  not 
nearly  so  great  as  may  at  first  appear,   and  by  a  little  prac- 


I  pulling"  around,  tlio 
lirly  dragged  aru  ml 
■iscd,  of  deHcriUing  a 
sing  ground,  it  is  reul- 
cd  properly,   the  boat 


»KK. 

instantly  being  made, 
and   the   method   of 
ovotees  of  the  art  are 
ngo  was  brought  about 
Dssing  the  thwart  and 
le  boat.     This  seat  i« 
1  it  the  rower  slides. 
in  length,    and  wide 
ell  coated  with  grease, 
:t  will  bo  necessary  to 
'or  this  work,  and  these 
lent  now  in  style,  as  an 
imbs  would  bo  imposai- 
ucted  on  a  sufficiently 
legs,   and  ought  not  to 
J  of  chamois   or  buck- 
B  of  the  pantaloons  on 
n  the  work,  forming  a 
iring  this   stroke  is  not 
r,  and  by  a  little  prac- 


PIUCTJC'AL    KO\riNU.  13 J 

ticc,  u  crew  that  in   reasonably  proficient  will   thorouijbly 
master  it.  , 

TIIK  .SUDINO  HKAT 

I.-*  yet  anofl.or  clmiigo,  lately  introduced,  and  differs  from 
the  former  in  that  the  scat  slides  with  the  rower,  in.stead  of 
the  rower  sliding  on  the  seat.  A  groat  many  prefer  this 
to  tlio  Blido  Btroko,  and  "  vice  versa."  It  is  probable  that 
these  two  methods  will  bo  generally  adopted,  but  tho  grand 
'luostion  of  TiMK  is  the  ono  by  which  they  must  establish 
their  claims  to  superiority  over  tho  stationary  seat  and 
.stroke. 

It  has  not  yet  been  proved  tliat  any  bettor  tiiuo  can  bo 
made  with  these  improvements  than  with  tho  old  style,  and 
unless  there  is  a  great  saving  of  labor  or  exertion,  they 
«lo  not  i)os8e.s.s  any  advantiiges,  and  if  tho  strength  or 
power  saved  cannot  be  utilized,  there  is  no  particular  bene- 
fit gained  by  saving  it. 

If  a  crew  can  pull  a  boat  constructed  with  stationary 
.seat.s,  and  pulling  the  "pendulum"  stroke,  and  make  a.s 
good  time— tliough  they  do  conio  homo  blown— as  ono  witii  ■ 
either  of  tlieso  improvements,  though  the  latter  may  not  be  so 
tired,  I  cannot  discover  their  rightful  claim  to  superiority,  as  a 
"  blown  "  crow  will  recover  their  wind  in  almost  no  time,  and 
if  necessary,  bo  ready  for  a  fresh  pull,  as  has  often  been 
proved. 


'.fett'DBafc-gis^y 


-  J  "^4j  wiijUB;^.  .!■  ^naitf^jtm!' 


I 


DIAGRAM  OF  A  RACING  COURSE. 


dill) 


STARTING  LIMl. 


-*  (INI)  » 


OnT-STAKI 


1    1-2   UILIS. 


m  COURSE. 


-» (II  il) » 


£  1  1-2  uiLis. 


i 


DIAGRAM  OP  A  DOUBLE  COURSE. 

10  PKITINT  rODtlNO. 


8TABTIN0   LINl. 


OUT-STAKI. 


1   1-2  UILIS. 


i 


y> 


ON 


ROWING  AND  TRAINING. 


BY 


WiLlIAM    BlAIKIB, 

JosH0A  Ward, 

C.    P.     KUNHARDT, 

Geo.  R.  Wriqut, 


R-  E.  Clkubns. 


B«Nj.  F.  Bradt, 

ROBT,  FULTOW, 
STIPHXy  ROBIRTS, 

A.  MoC.  Duncan, 


i 

I! 


M 


Contributions 


<*iliHi 


I 


HARVARD  TRAINING. 


BY 


WILLIAM  BLAIKIE. 


PreviouB  to  1866,  the  stringent  rales  of  the  Prize  Ring, 
on  training,  seem  to  have  been  almost  literally  followed; 
liquids  and  vegetables  being  used  very  sparingly,  whUe  roast 
and  broiled  beef  and  roast  mutton,  with  dry  bread,  were  the  main 
and,  indeed,  almost  sole  nourishment  of  the  man  in  training. 

Feverish  blood  and  disposition,  together  often  with  an 
"aU-gone"  feeling  at  the  stomach,  and  a  lean,  hungry 
look,  were  the  usual  characteristic  symptoms  and  appear- 
ance of  the  man  so  treated. 

I  have  known  one  trained  in  this  manner,  unable  to 
sleep  and  forced  to  get  up  at  midnight  and  bathe  his  head 
and  neck  to  allay  the  fever ;  another  to  pursue  this  course  so 
far  that  on  the  day  of  the  race,  his  physician  prescribed  his 
bed  instead  of  his  boat,  he  being  regularly  attacked  by  a 
fever. 

And  I  have  seen  very  many  become  so  tired  of  their  food, 
taken,  perhaps,  in  the  fiercest  heat  of  summer,  as  to  perfectly 
loath  it. 

But  since  that  time  the  Harvard  University  crews  have  had 
a  fuller  and  more  reasonable  bill  of  fare.     Potatoes  and  rice 


% 


138 


IIARVAHD    TRAININO. 


,„ay  bo  scon  as  regularly  on  tbo  tabic  a«  beef  itself,  and  tie 
vegetables  of  tbc  season  are  allowed  in  moderate  quantities. 
Broiled  steak  or  chops,  potatoes  in  almost  any  style,  without 
Rreasc.  bread  nearly  fresh,  tea  if  desired,  water,  or  often  milk 
rfprcferod.  oatmeal  porridge  or  gruel,  and  eggs  poached  or 
b(^led-not  very  hard-now  render  the  breakfast  of  a  Har- 
vard student  in  training,  palatable  and  even  attractive ;  U  is 
doubtful  if  a  well  cooked  fresh  fish,  occasionally  ought  not  to 
find  its  place  on  the  table. 

The  best  roast  beef  or  mutton  procurable,  potatoes,  bread, 
cracked  wheat,  rice,  oatmeal  gruel,  and  the  various  vegtables 
in  the  market,  often,  if  not  regularly,  make  the  dinner  in- 
viting ;  and  a  piece  of  salmon  or  a  dish  of  poultry  or  game  is 
an  occasional  visitor,  aiding  to  vary  yet  more  the  programme. 
Tapioca,  farina  and  other  vegetable  puddings  make  an  admir- 
able substitute  for  heavy  puddings  as  a  desert.  Milk,  water, 
and  tea  again,  and  also  butter  and  salt,  in  reasonable  quanti- 
ties, are  permitted. 

Bread  and  milk,  or  tea,  butter,  oatmeal  gruel,  dry  toast 
and  crackers,  are  the  chief  and  often  only  articles  taken  at 
supper.  Such  was  the  bill  of  fare  at  the  Harvard  table  in 
1866.  and  it  is  not  probable  that  it  has  changed  materially 

since  that  time. 

It  has  sent  the  crew  to  the  score,  more  likely  to  perspire 
freely  and  some  pounds  heavier  in  weight,  than  the  old  sys- 
tem, as  well  as  being  in  better  spirits  and  more  fit  to  pull  a 
tough,  hard  race.  Aprize  fighter  needs  a  very  thin  cheek  so 
that  a  blow  on  it  wiU  not  close  his  eye,  but  an  oarsman  does 
not.  and  as  an  instance,  the  Oxford  crew  even  showed  a 
double  chin  on  the  day  of  their  race  with  Harvard.  The 
best  mower  in  haying  time  is  not  usually  the  leanest,  and 


■ULi-.-ani 


itself,  and  t'.c 
ite  quantities, 
style,  without 
or  often  milk 
gs  poached  or 
■ast  of  a  Ilar- 
ttractive ;  it  is 
f  ought  not  to 

otatoes,  bread, 
rious  vegtables 
the  dinner  in- 
Itry  or  game  is 
ihe  programme, 
make  an  admir- 
,  Milk,  water, 
isonable  quanti- 

nruel,  dry  toast 
rticles  taken  at 
larrard  table  in 
inged  materially 

ikely  to  perspire 
lan  the  old  sys- 
nore  fit  to  pull  a 
ry  thin  cheek,  so 
an  oarsman  does 
'  even  showed  a 
Harvard.  The 
the  leanest,  and 


HARVARD  TRAINING.  ]39 

Kenurallv   oats  and   drinks   his  fill   of  what  ho  likes  best. 

UUAT  EXKIICISE. 

About  a  half  hours'  careful  rowing  at  a  tolerable  pace,  with 
an  occa.Monal  stop  or  "  easy,"  for  instruction  and  rest,  seems 
about  sufficient  for  a  morning. 

In  the  afternoon,  nearly  or  quite  an  hours'  rowing,  with  not 
more  than  two  or  throe  rests  will  complete  the  days  water 
work. 

The  rate  of  speed  in  the  afternoon  should  go  up  from  thirty- 
five  strokes  a  minute  when  commencing  training,  to  racing 
gait  during  the  last  two  weeks,  and  pulling  over  the  proposed 
course  once  "  on  time,"  will  be  plenty  of  work  for  this  last 
period. 


COACHING. 

Every  stroke  taken  at  any  time  sliould  be  taken  "with 
care,"  and  no  slouchy  rowing  ought  to  be  allowed  in  the 
boat. 

In  order  to  detect  any  neglect  of  duty,  as  well  as  for  the 
general  purposes  of  a  "coach."  the  bow  oarsman  has  hereto- 
fore attended  to  the  drilling  of  his  men.     But  this  gives  him 
three  duties,    viz:     His    own  pulling,   steering  the   boat,' 
and  watching  and  correcting  the  men.  and.   certainly,  the 
first  two  of  these  will  keep  any  ordinary  man  sufficiently 
busy.     A  much  better  plan  would  seem  to  be  to  have  some 
judicious  "  coach  "  or  instructor  in  whom  the  crew  can  place 
confidence  accompany  them  in  a  conveyance  in  which  he  can 


140 


lUBTARD   TRAIMINO. 


keep  mlongBide,  or  nearlj  bo,  and  devote  his  entire  attention 
to  detecting  and  remedying  their  faults. 

This  last  he  should  do  promptly  and  fearlessly,  and  he 
will  find  that  he  can  tell,  to  a  nicety  who  is  inclined,  inten- 
tionally or  otherwise,  to  shirk,  and  who  are  the  staying 
ones.  He  can  tell,  too,  whether  they  need  more  or  less 
work,  and  guide  himself  accordingly. 

LAND  EXERCISE. 

A  three  or  four-mile  walk,  at  a  four-mile  gait,  starting, 
say,  an  hour  after  breakfast,  will  not,  unless  in  extremely 
hot  weather,  prove  too  much  for  a  vigorous  young  man, 
with  ordinarUy  good  legs.  The  speed  of  thU  walk  should 
be  reached  gradually,  and  after,  perhaps,  if  a  man  in  the 
start   is  much    out   of  condition,    say    two    weeks  slower 

going. 

A  thorough  rubbing  of  the  entire  body,  until  the  skin  is 
absolutely  red,  should  "immediately"  follow  each  row,  and 
then  a  dry  suit  should  be  donned.  Flannel  is  the  best  ma- 
terial for  it. 


SLEEP. 

Eight  hours  should  seem  a  good  medium.  If  a  man  feels 
all  right  with  a  less  amount  than  this,  he  should  regulate  his 
own  hours ;  but  if  he  is  nervous  and  excitable,  he  should 
have  more.  He  should  never  lie  abed  awake  in  the  morn- 
ing, but  spring  up  at  once,  and  take  his  sponge  bath,  or  in 
warm  weather,  if  convenient,  a  plunge  into  cold  water. 

After  each  row,  the  Harvard  men  have,  while  hot  and 


^^^^BrV-  tfgff"  ^ 


TRAINING  BV  J08II  WARD. 


rc  attention 

ily,  and  he 
ined,  inten- 

the  staying 
lore  or  leas 


141 


it,  starting, 
1  extremely 
young  man, 
walk  should 
man  in  the 
reeks  slower 

1  the  skin  is 
ich  row,  and 
the  best  ma- 


i  a  man  feels 
1  regulate  his 
e,  he  should 
n  the  morn- 
e  bath,  or  in 
Id  water, 
irhile  hot  and 


perspiring,  taken  a  dip  into  the  river  and  a  few  strokes, 
and  this  plan,  which  would  seem  more  agreeable  than  pru- 
dent, is  not  reported  to  have  worked  injury. 

NUMBER  OF  STROKES. 
Without  a  Coxswain,  the  Harvard  men  have  gone  fast- 
est, on  an  average  of  forty-four  or  forty-five  strokes  a  min- 
ute,  through  a  three-mile  race.     With  coxswain,   forty  or 
forty-one  seems  about  equivalent. 


ROWING  AND  TRAINING, 

BY  JOSHUA  WARD,  CAPTAIN  Of  WARD  CRIW,  RX-OHAMPION  Or 


AHIRIOA. 


First,  be  sure  that  the  men  are  in  perfect  health,  so  that 
they  wiU  be  able  to  stand  the  work  which  they  are  about  to 
commence. 

A  mild  medicme  is  usually  required  to  cleanse  the  blood,  as, 
unless  the  blood  is  in  good  order,  and  in  very  many  cases  it  is 
in  any  other  condition  than  a  good  one,  the  food  taken  will 


J. 


II  > 


If. 


TUAISINO   UV  JOSH   WAKU. 


not  digest  well.  Alter  the  men  are  in  good  eoiiditiv..  tliey 
should  have  plenty  of  rowing  and  walking,  first,  s'lort  drntni.- 
ces  to  bo  gradually  increased  to  what  will  bo  their    "card. 

The  following  is  about  the  course  of  training  I  sliould  ad- 
vise Upon  gettinjr  up  in  the  morning  take  a  sponge  bath, 
dry  well  with  a  course  towel,  after  which  walk  about  two 
miles  before  breakfast.  • 

Breakfast  should  consist  of  a  good  tender  porterhouse 
steak,  broiled  rare,  which  should  bo  thoroughly  masticated 
before  swallowing.  A.s  a  driid..  a  cup  of  black  tea.  Drink 
no  more  than  absolutely  necessary  either  at  meals  or  any  other 

time. 

After  breakfast,  which  should  bo  eaten  slowly,  no  exercso 
should  be  taken  for  about  an  hour;  at  the  expiration  ot 
which  time,  the  crew  can  get  in  the  boat  and  row  the  same 
distance  expected  to  be  rowed  in  the  race,  and  at  a  goo.l 

pace.  •  .11 

After  returning  from  the  row,  take  a  rub  down  with  a  dry 
towel,  and  then  a  moderate  walk,  until  shortly  before  dinner 
time.  Dinner  should  consist  of  roast  beef  or  broiled  chicken, 
with  soft  boiled  eggs,  etc. 

If  any  drink  is  taken,  tea  or  water,  in  moderate  quantity , 
should  be  used.  After  dinner,  no  exercise  for  about  two 
hours,  when  the  crow  take  the  afternoon  pull,  which  should 
bo  over  about  the  same  distance  and  at  the  same  pace  as 
that  of  the  morning.   • 

After  coming  ashore,  rub  down  as  in  the  morning,  with  a 
coarse  towel,  and  then  take  a  moderate  walk,  returning 
homo  about  an  hour  before  supper,  which,  when  eaten  at 
all  should  be  a  light  one,  composed  of  a  little  broiled  meat 
with  a  piece  of  dry  toast  and  a  cup  of  tea. 


TRAININO   BV  JOSH   WARD. 


148 


3od  ooiiditif/ii  they 
first,  s'lort  Jlsliiii- 
1)0  thoir  "card." 
lining  I  sliould  ad- 
iko  a  sponge  batli, 
li  walk  about  two 

iondcr   porterhouse 

roughly  masticated 

black  tea.     Drink 

,  meals  or  any  other 

Hlowly,  no  exercise 
t  the  exjiiration  of 
;  and  row  the  same 
ace,  and  at  a  good 

ub  down  with  a  dry 
hortly  before  dinner 
f  or  broiled  chicken, 

1  moderate  quantity, 
•ciso  for  about  two 
J  pull,  which  should 
t  the   same  pace  as 

1  the  morning,  with  a 
■ate  walk,  returning 
hich,  when  eaten  at 
a  little  broiled  meat 
Lea. 


IwomcalH,  at  the  leasf,  should  always  bo  taken;  and 
where  only  two  arc  taken,  they  should,  in  all  cases,  bo  what 
are  known  as  breakfast  and  dinner,  as  both  these  meals  or 
rather  e.ther  of  them,  are  more  essential  to  tho  man  i» 
ramang  than  supper,  particularly  if  he,  as  I  would  advise 
'"•n  o  do.  rises  with  the  sun  and  retire.,  at  about  9 
o  clock,  or  half-past,  in  tho  evening. 

After  a  night's  sleep,  and  after  having  left  tho  bed  at 
five  m  tho  morning  and  walked  or  ran  two.  three,  or  four 
m.lc8.  as  well  as  taking  a  bath,  the  system  is  generally  quite 
importunate  for  sustenance  by  7  o'clock  or  half-past 

This  is  not  always  the  case,  however,  in  regard  to  sup- 
per ;  as,  after  having  eaten  a  hearty  dinner,  at  1  o'clock 
without  any  other  exercise  thereafter  than  tho  afternoon  row' 
a  man  with  very  little  practice  can  accustom  himself  to  doinc 
without  more  food  until  the  following  morning,  if  ho  retire 
at  about  nine  o'clock. 

Up  with  tho  sun  in  tho  morning  and  pursue  the  regular 
plan  of  bath  walk  etc..  unless  stormy.  i„  which  case  exercise 
indoors  should  be  substituted  for  the  walk. 

The  dumbells  and  clubs  are  proper  implements  to  use  for 
this  purpose,  and  every  man  in  training,  whether  amateur  or 
professional,  should  have  one  or  other,  or  b6th.    . 

The  man  in  training  should  always  have  plenty  of  exercise 
given  him  at  regular  and  proper  intervals.  By  plenty  of  ex- 
ercise I  mean  just  enough  neither  too  much  nor  too  little  ;  and 
to  be  able  to  tell  just  when  a  man  has  just  enough  belongs  only  to 
those  who  have  had  an  extensive  experience  in  preparing 
men  for  aquatic  or  other  contests.  ^    r       o 

HiB  habits  must,  of  necessity,  be  very  regular,  otherwise 
the  course  which  he  is  pursuing  will  result  in  very  little  good. 


t 


144 


TEAIJUNQ  BY  J081I  WARD. 


In  regard  to  tbo  o.rs  which  myself  .nd  brothcr,H-tbo  \\ard 
Crcw-goncrally  use ;  they  are  .weeps,  about  twelve  feet  long 
a  Ifive  inches  wide.     A  boat  for  our  crew  of  our  wouUl  b 

orty-Bix  feet  lon«.  and  twenty  inches  wide.     I"  P'f '  «•  ' 
1.0  the  legs,  and  in  a  four  or  six-oared  boat  puU  forty  -d 
Ity-twoLkos  per  minute-     In  pulling  a  pa.  of  sculls 

pull  about  thity-eight  strokes  to  the  minute,  and  use  the 

''we  used  spoon  oars,  and  our  boats  were  constructed  with 
the  stroke  on  the  starboard  side.  ,   u-  i. 

In  sculling.  I  have  always  pulled  open  handed,  but  I  think 
cross  handed  is  the  better  style.  * 

To  make  a  succesful  rower  great  practice  will  bo  required, 
although  in  this,  as  in  everything  else,  some  learn  much  more 
rapidly  than  others.  Myself  and  brothers  were  brought  up 
near  the  Hudson,  and  have  worked  for  many  years  upon  the 
river.  It  was  from  having  in  early  life  to  row  as  a  business 
or  means  of  livelihood,  that  we  cultivated  a  taste,  so  to  speak, 
for  rowing,  and  also  became  good  pullers. 

I  have  here  upon  the  Hudson  a  fine  place  for  rowmg,  and 
^ill  be  happy  to  undertake  the  care  and  training  of  any  par- 
ty or  parties  who  may  so  far  honor  me  as  to  entrust  them- 

Bolves  to  my  care. 

Bowing  has  no  equal  among  the  recreative  arts  either  in 

modern  or  ancient  times. 


m 


D. 

brotlicrs— tbo  Ward 
,bout  twelve  feet  long 
Brow  of  four  would  be 
wide.  In  pulling,  we 
1  boat  pull  forty  and 
ing  a  pair  of  sculls,  I 

minute,  and  use  tbc 

were  constructed  with 

en  handed,  but  I  think 

• 

aotice  will  be  required, 
,  some  learn  much  more 
Ihers  wore  brought  up 
)r  many  years  upon  the 
ife  to  row  as  a  business 
ted  a  taste,  so  to  speak, 
lers. 

e  place  for  rowing,  and 
and  training  of  any  par- 
me  as  to  entrust  thcm- 

recreative  arts  either  in 


I'OINTH  ON  ROWING  AND  TlUININa. 

BV      MTKn.KN      ROBiKTS.      KX-C..AM.MON      8CUL.,KH      OK 


AHKRlOi. 


It  may  not  bo  altogether  out  of  place  for  ono  who  was  at 
one  time  the  champion  scuUor  of  the  United  States ;  who  has 
been  for  many  years  actively  connected  with  the  history  of 
boat-racing  and  boat-building,  to  endeavor  to  add  a  few 
points  to  this  valuable  and  interesting  work  upon  Rowing  and 
Training.  '  e 

.  ..    ABOUT  RACING. 

When  a  race  is  to  take  place  there  should  bo  at  least  four 
judges  and  a  referee  appointed  by  the  mutual  agreement  of 
the  parties. 

The  business  of  the  referee  should  be  to  start  the  boats 
which  should  be  bucked  up  to  a  line  before  starting. 

If,  after  tho  boats  are  started,  the  referee  thinks  the 
start  an  unfair  ono,  he  has,  in  my  opinion,  the  right  to  call 
both  boats  back  for  a  new  start. 

If  all  parties  distinctly  hear  the  recall  and  one  or  more 
10 


°^-*'"'*— — ■■■■^-^r-r^mwiii-ria-. 


i--iT.iTr«iitir,i-r-riijra 


146 


TKAININO  BY  STEPHEN  ROBEKTS. 


refuse  to  return,  pull  over  the  course,  and  claim  the  race, 
they  shall  not  be  entitled  to  any  purse,  prize  or  other  stake, 
that  may  have  been  rowed  for. 

Both  boats  should  make  a  straight  line  for  the  stake  boat 
or  buoy,  and  any  boat  deviating  from  such  a  course  and  foul- 
ing another  boat,  shall  be  ruled  out  of  the  race  or  regatta. 
No  boat  has  a  right  to  cross  the  bow  of  another  until  she 
has  a  clean  water  lead,  or  at  the  least  one  full  length.  Un- 
less there  are  two  different  stake  boats  or  buoys,  both  boats 
nhould  turn  the  one  way. 

When  two  boats  are  approaching  a  stake,  the  boat  that  has 
the  lead,  if  by  only  a  single  foot,  has  the  inside  track  and 
the  other  boat  must  either  turn  outside  or  wait,  until  this  boat 
is  far  enough  ahead  to  preclude  the  possibility  of  a  foul. 

When  two  boats  come  together  with  the  oars,  it  is  best 
that  they  should  free  themselves  as  best  they  may  and  con- 
tinue the  race;  but  if  any  boat  shall,  after  having  been 
fouled  in  this  manner,  continue  the  contest,  and  bemg  beaten, 
come  home  and  claim  a  foul,  they  shall  have  no  hearing. 

In  order  to  make  a  legitimate  claim  of  foul,  it  is  necessary 
that  a  crew  stop  rowing  immediately  when  buch  foul  occurs  as 
a  continuation  of  the  race  makes  it  a  new  one,  in  fact.  In  a 
case  of  a  collision,  the  crew  of  either  boat  should  not  use  their 
hands  to  shove  off  the  other  boats.  A  referee's  decision  is 
only  required  when  the  judges  are  equally  divided,  and  in  that 
case  his  decision  is  final :  The  referee  should  be  a  man  post- 
ed in  a  aquatics  and  not  interested  in  the  race. 


SETS. 

ind  claim  the  race, 
rize  or  other  stake, 

i  for  the  stake  boat 
li  a  course  and  foul- 
the  race  or  regatta, 
of  another  until  she 
e  full  length.  Un- 
r  huoys,  both  boats 

:q,  the  boat  that  has 
ho  inside  track  and 
•  wait,  until  this  boat 
bility  of  a  foul, 
the  oars,  it  is  best 
,t  they  may  and  con- 
,   after  having  been 
sst,  and  being  beaten, 
liave  no  hearing, 
f  foul,  it  is  necessary 
en  fauch  foul  occurs,  as 
w  one,  in  fact.     In  a 
t  should  not  use  their 
L  referee's  decision  is 
ly  divided,  and  in  that 
should  be  a  man  post- 
be  race. 


TBAININO  BY  HTEPIIEN  ROBKRTH.  I47 


TRAINING  A  CHEW. 

In  training  a  crew  for  a  race,  the  habits  and  mode  of  living 
of  a  man  are  to  be  consulted  more  than  any  set  rules      If  ho 
18  used  to  eating  meat  well  cooked,  it  will  not  do  to  give  him 
meat  cooked  rare,  as  this  is  apt  to  produce  a  looseness  in  his 
bowels.     A  man  must  eat  according  to  the  state  of  his  sys- 
tem, and  if  he  trains  hard,  eats  meat,  and  ig  troubled  with  ' 
loose  bowels,  he  should  train  light  and  live  on  toast,  bread 
and  coffee  or  tea.  for  a  few  days,  with  puddings,  or  bread 
and  mdk  ;  and  if  he  is  used  to  drinking,  good  fresh  ale  will 
not  hurt  him,  but  no  liquor  stronger  than  porter  or  ale 
should  be  used.     On  the  other  hand,  if  costiveness  is  present 
no  longer  than  forty-eight  hours  should  be  permitted  to  elapse 
without  a  motion,  and  this  should  be  brought  about,  if  possi- 
ble,  by  making  use  of  the  suitable  food  and  drink  ;  such   for 
instance,  as  the  veal  steaks  cooked  rare,  with  cider  or  water 
as  a  drink. 

The  main  thing,  in  training  a  man  or  crew,  is  to  dve 
him  or  them,  plenty  of  the  same  kind  of  work  performed 
in  the  race.  Be  careful,  however,  not  to  put  on  too  much 
at  first  If  a  mUe  race  is  to  be  puUed,  twenty  days  train- 
ing will  be  required. 

The  first  day,  row.  say  one  mile;  the  second  and  thirJ 
day,  about  the  same,  or  a  little  more,  not  too  hard.  After 
this,  increase  the  distance  a  half  mile  every  day.  until  five 
mdes  are  gone  over  at  each  row.  Then,  if  there  are  no 
blisters  on  the  hands,  row  the  whole  distance  at  racing  pace. 
Every  other  day,  row  eight    or  ten  miles,  up  to  within 


i^a 


J4^  rUAlNINa  BV  STKl'UEN  IIOBERTS. 

twenty-four   hours    of  tl.e   race.      Less   rowing   than   this 
should  not  he  taken;  more  will  not  hurt. 

The  time  required  to  get  a  crew  into  good  shape  depends, 
somewhat,  upon  the  nature  of  their  business ;  for  instance,  a 
crew  composed  of  mechanics  will  not  have  to  wait  for  their 
hands  to  become  toughened,  nor  need  they  be  afraid  of  any 
blisters  appearing  on  their  hands,   to   interfere   with  their 
puUing.     Clerks,  book-keepers,  tape-measurers,  etc.,  gener- 
ally require  two  weeks'  more  of  training  than  men  who  have 
been  always  used  to  heavy  lifting;  but,  when  a  man  once 
does  get  into  good  training,  his  race  becomes  an   easy  mat- 
ter for  him.     The  writer  remembers,  when  pulhng  for  the 
Championship  of  New  York,  in  a  ten-mile  race  with  Robert 
Martin,  of  Whitehall,  that  Martin  led  him  for  the  first  five 
miles,  but  not  having  been  subjected  to  a  sufficiently   severe 
orOeal  in  training,  he  lost  steadily  from  the  turn,  and  came 
in  a  considerable  distance  behind.  • 

During  the  preparatory  training,  the  write     '■        •  wed 
'     over  three  hundred  miles,  to  get  into  good  con  -  Oo 

such  occasions  as  stormy  mornings  and  the  like,  when  it  was 
impossible  to  row,  a  long  walk  was  taken,  or  heavy  weights 
were  lifted  and  thrown. 


Ti*. 


•owing   than   this 

d  shape  depends, 
iS ;  for  instance,  a 
to  Vfait  for  their 
be  afraid  of  any  ■ 
erfere   with  their 
urers,  etc.,  gencr- 
han  men  who  have 
when  a  man  once 
nes  an  easy  mat- 
5u  pulling  for  the 
i  race  with  Robert 
m  for  the  first  five 
sufficiently  severe 
,he  turn,  and  came 

write     '         ••'^ed 
9od  con    '  Oo 

e  like,  when  it  was 
\,  or  heavy  weights 


ROWINCr,  RACING  AND  TRAINING, 

AT     TUB     UNITED     STATES     NAVAL     ACADEMV,    BY    C.     P. 
KUNIIARDT. 


During  the  late  war,  there  was  little  or  no  time  to  think 
of  pleasure  and  recreation  at  the  Academy,  and  it  was  not 
until  the  year  1865,  that  there  were  any  regularly  organized 
Boat  Clubs  there. 

Under  Admiral  Porters'  inspiring  influence,  after  the  re- 
turn of  the  Naval  School  to  Annapolis  from  Newport,  where 
it  had  been  located  for  several  years,  two  fine  lapstreak  out- 
riggers, named  respectively,  the  Essex  and  the  Lizzie,  were 
procured  for  the  use  of  the  Cadets.  They  were  light  and 
handsome  craft,  thirty-five  feet  long  and  twenty-five  inches 
wide  amidships;  both  pulled  four  oars  apiece,  and  were  ex- 
act mates,  and  were  presented  to  the  First  and  Second 
Classes. 

From  these  two  Classes  the  crews  were  selected,  and  it 
became  their  duty  to-undergo  a  system  of  training  conform- 
able to  the  regulations  of  the  Academy.  Their  diet  was, 
of  necessity,  limited  to  that  of  the  school  at  first,  but  was 
in  time  changed  so  as  to  approximate,  as  nearly  as  possible, 
to  a  regular  course   of  training.     Their  time  for  practice 


J 


^W1 


,50  BOWINO  «I  Tim  0.  »    «    ACA»B«V. 

„d  b«.l,  crc.  I..d  t»  -Wggle  bani  to  «,»ply  v„ll.  tbo  ro- 

"t»itc«f  Ibce  diffiouWc,  bo,.vo,.  two«.cclbni»r«. 
.2:  ;Xd,  di.fla,ing  .n  i«.»o„.  .»o«n.  „t »-»  -d 

"Tbl'.,..raoc«k  pl.~  in   M.y.  of  .h.  ,e.r  186T    «» 
Be!.ndC,a»c,..c.„yingoff.be   bono.,  .f.er  . -..^pW 

and  the  name,   of  tbe  .inner,  woro  :    Drake,    (Stroke)  , 

Dot     Inge-"""  "'!""-■  ("""'^  ""  "V  T" 
„!'.     The  ...tbor  ..a  fair,  -tb  but  alight  .*•     Tme, 

'""Ctrjeat  di..d,an.ag.  .nder  .bieb  nJdabip- 
Jr,  »d  .bL  no  atnount  of  praetic.  p.»ib..  to  obt... 

.„!':  Mnmng  again  until  tb.  end  of  ^-P'-^-Jj^ 
,Mek  tin,.,  of  n»«.i.y.  .•■  boating  natter.  "«"  -^''  ^ 
„o  training  .r  p.a.tice  ean  be  earned  ..,  and  tb.  elnb.  ar. 
virtually  disbanded  for  tb.  time  of  the  en»».. 

Upon  their  return  boating  i.  reaumed  and  pro««ted  with 

•»"  'T'  '•'Tbr:nh::hi;:'i-^»^"°''- 

about  four  months  out  of  the  wnoie  y  , 

able  at  the  Academy  for  boating  purposes,  and  as  a  conse 
auence  outside  clubs  have  a  great  advantage  m  pomt  of  prac- 
Se      Another  thing  to  be  considered  is  the  shifUng  nature 
Ttheir  crews ;  as  one  class  graduates  every  year  .spl-^^^ 
supplied  by  new  pullers,  which  was  at  one  time  foun.  so  de 


lEMY. 

to  Study  hourfl, 
nply  v.itli  tho  ro- 
of an  oarsman  in 

two  oxccllont  crows 
lount  of  muscle  and 

tho  year  1867,  the 
rs,  after  a  sharply 
les,  with  one  turn, 
Drake,  (Stroke)  ; 
rith  Jasper,  as  cox- 
slight  tide.     Time, 

r  which  midshipmen 
io  possible  to  obtain 

tie  Academy  in  June, 
.f  September,  during 
tters  are  laid  aside,  as 
n,  and  the  clubs  are 
Bruise. 

I  and  prosecuted  with 
make  up  for  so  much 
sts  in.     So  that  only 
ear  can  be  mado  avail- 
loses,  and  as  a  conse- 
intage  in  point  of  prao- 
is  the  shifting  nature 
every  year  it's  place  is 
one  time  found  so  de- 


ROWINO  AT  TUJ5   U.   8.   N.   ACADBMY. 


151 


trlmental  to  tho  rowing  interests  of  tho  Academy,  that  boats 
were  given  to  the  third  and  fourth  classes,  so  that  at  the  pre- 
sent time,  when  a  class  ent  >rs  the  school,  a  crew  is  selected 
therefrom  which  has  to  contend  for  the  aquatic  honors  of  tho 
institute  for  the  succeeding  course  of  four  years. 

By  this  means,  the  crews  of  the  present  day  have  attain- 
ed to  a  state  of  high  physical  culture,  who  can,  in  point  of 
strength  and  vim,  be  compared  favorably  with  any  crew 
that  is  often  seen. 

A  series  of  Annual  Regattas  have  been  established, 
which  are  participated  in  by  the  members  of  the  different 
Classes,  the  crews'  competing  for  handsome  silk  flags  and 
sUver  badges.  The  noble  sport  of  Rowing  is  now  perma- 
nently established  as  a  part  of  the  course,  and  being  re- 
garded with  favor  by  the  auihoritie8,.i8  sure  of  being  faith- 
fully nurtured. 

The  second  important  race  took  place  in  the  spring  of 

1868,  in  which  the  former  Second  Class,  whose  names  are 
given  above,  again  carried  off  the  honors,  winning  the  race 
with  ease,  in  thirteen  minutes  thirty  seconds,  over  the  same 
coarse  rowed  in  1867.  From  this  time  forth,  more  atten- 
tion than  ever  was  given  to  the  sport,  and  new  and  lighter 
boats  were  demanded. 

A  six-oared  mahogany  sheU  was  ordered  from  Stephen 
Roberts,  of  New  York.  She  was  forty-eight  feet  long  by 
twenty  inches  beam  and  was  fitted  for  a  coxswain. 

The  stroke  was  on  the  port  side.  The  victorious  crew  of 
the  Class  of  1868,  with  two  new  members,  formed  her  com- 
plimeni,  but  she  did  not  enter  any  races  until  the  spring  of 

1869.  By  that  time,  she  passed  into   the    hands  of  the 
"Decatur"  Club,  of  the  Class  of  1869,  and  a  crew  was  put 


J 


162 


ROWlNfl   AT  THE  U.    H.   W.    ACADKMY. 


in  training  to  pull  her,  in  a  rather  unequal  ^-^-^•^g'""^^ 
a  new  four-oared  paper  shell.  ImUt  for  the  ^^-«/  !"«' 
by  Messrs.  Waters.  Balch  &  Co..  of  Troy,  New  York. 

This  latter  boat  was  the  trial  boat  of  a  number  of  similar 
ones  that  were  to  follow.  She  is  a  beautiful  st,eeimen  of 
racing  craft,  pulling  four  oars,  without  coxswain,  and  her 
model  and  finish  were  praised  by  everybody.  ' 

The  first  race  was  a  severe  test  of  the  qualities  claimed  for 
her,  and  she  fully  sustained  them.     The  names  of  her  crew 
were  :  W.  M.  Wood,  (stroke.)  Holiday,  Hubbard.  andMer- 
riman  (bow,)  and  those  of  her  opponent,  the  six-oared  shell ; 
Garvin,  (stroke)  Osborne,  Paine.  Bolles.  Wright  and  Stewart, 
(bow.)  with  WUson,  as  coxswain.     The  time  appointed  for 
the  race  was  May.  18G9.  and  on  account  of  the  Urst  Class 
graduating  but  a  few  days  after  that  appointed  for  the  race, 
Lould  not  be  postponed,  but  was  pulled  despite  the  inclem- 
ency of  the  weather.     It  blew  a  regular  gale,  and  the  usu- 
allv  quiet  waters  of  the  Severn  were  greatly  agitated,  sending 
Jat  rollers  in  from  the  bay.     As  the  raV,e   was  sure  to 
come  off,  an  immense  crowd  lined  the  shores  to  witness  the 
struggle  for  the  Championship  of  the  U.  S.  N.  A. 

Both  boats  were  prompt  in  taking  their  places  at  the 
starting  buoy,  ready  for  the  "Word,"  which  was  soon  after 
given    by    Admiral    Potter,     who     was    present    in    bis 

barge. 

The  difference  between  boats  and  crews  soon  became  appar- 
ent, as  at  the  start,  the  paper  shell  fairly  jumped  ahead  of 

%r!r;  the  latter,  however,  pulled  a  ste^y  stroke 
and  being  to  leeward,  and  consequently  more  she  tered  than 
Lir  opponents,  had  a  slight  advantage,  and  steadily  gained 


ADKMY. 

[ual  contest,  against 

the  Class  of  1H70, 
roy,  New  York. 

a  number  of  similar 
eautiful  suecimen  of 
,  coxswain,  and  her 
ody. 

5  qualities  claimed  for 
he  names  of  her  crew 
J,  Hubbard,  and  Mer- 
it, the  six-oared  shell ; 
1,  Wright  and  Stewart, 
le  time  appointed  for 
int  of  the  First  Class 
ppointed  for  the  race, 
icd  despite  the  inclem- 
ar  gale,  and  the  usu- 
eatly  agitated,  sending 
the  ra'cc   was  sure  to 

shores  to  witness  the 
[J.  S.  N.  A. 

r  their    places   at  the 
"  which  was  soon  after 

was    present    in    his 

ews  soon  became  appar- 
tairly  jumped  ahead  of. 

pulled  a  steady  stroke 
itly  more  sheltered  than 
ige,  and  steadily  gained 


KOWINO  AT  TUB  U.   8.   N.    ACADEMV. 


151J 


until  thoy  reached  the  turn,  at  which  point  they  were  one 
quarter  of  a  length  ahead. 

The  stake  was  one  and  a  half  miles  from  the  starting  point 
and  here  the  "Decatur  "  crew  were  pulling  forty-one  strokes 
to  the  Nautilus  (paper)  thirty-nine  strokes. 

The  boats  turned  without  much  choice  and  the  homo- 
stretch  began  ;  the  paper  boat  drawing  steadily  ahead,  and, 
at  about  halfway  home,  had  fairly  distanced  the  "six.'' 
They  had  now  reached  the  heavy  water,  ami  in  a  few  min- 
utes the  "Decatur"  swamped;  sinking  with  all  hands  in 
her.  She  had  completely  filled  and  broken  her  back,  the 
crew  being  obliged  to  swim  for  the  nearest  boats. 

The  paper  shell  gained  an  easy  victory,  arriving  home  in 
twenty-one  minutes  and  sixteen  seconds,  having  fifteen 
seconds  to  spare  for  the  two  extra  oars  of  their  competitors. 
The  race  could  hardly  be  termed  a  perfectly  fair  one,  as 
in  fine  weather,  there  is  scarcely  a  doubt  but  that  the  pa- 
per boat  would  distance  the  wooden  one.  The  second  paper 
fcheli  received  from  Messrs.  Waters,  Balch  &  Co.,  was  a 
mate  to  the  first  one,  and  belongs  to  the  Class  of  1871,  the 
present  second  class  of  the  Academy. 

The  race  which  came  off  in  April  last,  between  the  two 
four-oared  boats,  was  looked  forward  to  with  great  interest 
by  all  hands,  for  many  months  previous. 

The  Nautilus  crew  pulled  the  Quaker  City  Club,  of  Phila- 
delphia, in  May,  and  achieved  a  creditable  victory. 

A  six-oared  cedar  shell  was  received  in  April,  from  Elliot, 
of  Greenpoint.  She  is  forty-nino  feet  long  and  eighteen 
inches  wide,  and  combines  the  American  and  English  model ; 
the  sides  towards  her  bow  have  considerable  "flare  out," 
and  are  brought  up  to  a  vertical  position  at  the  stem,  by' a 


154 


IIOWINC   AT  TUB  V.   8.    N-   AOADKMV. 


11 


very  graceful  curve  or  bend.  She  pulls  »  biarboard 
Btroke,  and  seems  to  bo  a  very  fast  and  handsome  craft. 
It  is  intended  soon  to  procure  another  six-oared  sheU  ;  this 
one  to  be  of  paper,  as  they  are  very  favorably  impressed 
with  the  merits  of  this  class  of  boats  at  the  Academy. 

The  boats  at  the  Academy  are.  therefore,  two  four-oared 
paper  sheUs ;  two  six-oared  shells,  besides  two  four-oared 
lapstreaks,  all  in  good  condition. 

The  members  of  the  clubs  are  all  midshipmen  of  the  vari- 
ous Classes,  and  are  about  thirty-five  in  number.     The  boats 
are  all  kept  in  a  capital  boat  house,  buUt  under  the  lee  of 
a  largo  wharf,   so  that  the  water  U   always  smooth  in  the 
vicinity.     A  number  of  improvements  were  made,  however, 
during  the  spring ;  the   floor  was    replanked,  and  is  now 
three  feet  above  the  water  level.     In  front  of  the  house  is  a 
long  float,  which  rises  and  faUs  with  the  tide,  and  leading 
up  from  it  to  the  boat  house  is  an  inclined  plane.     The 
shells  can  thus  readily  be  carried  down  to  the  platform  and 
then  thrown  into  the  water  without  touching  anything. 

On  returning  from  a  pull,  the  crew  step  out,  pick  up 
the  boat,  and  carry  the  whole  thing  into  the  boat  house 
where  they  are  capsized  on  horses. 

In  regard  to  training  for  these  races,  it  can  only  bo  done, 
as  before  stated,  in  the  time  not  consumed  in  study  and 
other  important  academic  duties. 

Upon  returning  from  the  regular  cruise,  usually  in  Sep- 
tember, the  crews  set  to  work  to  get  the  boats, in  working 
order,  and  in  a  few  days,  reguhir  practice  begins.  The 
course  is  pulled  over  once  or  twice  a  day,  besides  going  to 
any  places  of  interest  up  or  down  the  "  Severn, "  to  make 
the  rowing  consume  about  an  hour  and  a  half  per  diem,  and 


I 
t 

t\ 
I 
ii 
a 
11 

0 

S 
ie 

ti 
re 
A 


ldhmy. 

pulls  »  biarboard 
ad  handaomo  craft, 
lix-oarcd  ehell ;  this 
i'avorably  impregaod 
b  the  Academy, 
fore,  two  four-oarcd 
idea  two  four-oarcd 

ahipnion  of  the  vari- 
number.     The  boats 
ilt  under  the  lee  of 
Iways  smooth  in  the 
were  made,  however, 
ilanked,  and  is  now 
ont  of  the  house  is  a 
bhe  tide,  and  leading 
inclined  plane.     The 
to  the  platform  and 
ching  anything, 
w   step  out,  pick  up 
into  the  boat  house 

,  it  can  only  bo  done, 
nsumed  in  study  and 

ruise,  usually  in  Sep- 
the  boats, in  working 

practice  begins.  The 
day,  besides  going  to 

B   "Severn,''  to  make 

I  a  half  per  diem,  and 


UOWINO  AT  TIIK  U.   M.   N.   ACADK.MV, 


155 


in  this  way  the  few  wana  weeks  before  winter  are  passed. 
Kxercise  in  the  Gyninasium  is  also  regularly  maintained  ; 
practicing  with  dumb-bolls,  clubs  and  weights,  for  strength, 
and  exercising  on  both  the  horizontal  and  parallel  bars  for 
the  development  of  the  chest. 

This  course  is  continued  through  the  winter,  taking  care 
not  to  got  too  much  of  a  good  thing  Immediately  upon 
the  opening  of  spring,  Rowing  is  again  taken  up  with  vigor, 
and  the  course  gone  over  daily.  About  six  or  eight  weeks 
before  the  time  for  the  regular  spring  races,  all  members  go 
into  strict  training.  They  are  restricted  to  training  diet, 
and  follow  up,  as  nearly  as  possible,  all  the  other  require- 
ments. The  crews  rise  at  5  o'clock  A.  M.,  and  exercise, 
or  take  a  pull  until  6  A.  M.,  then  breakfast  at  6.45. 
.Studies  are  then  taken  up,  until  12-30  o'clock. 

Exercise  may  ♦hen  be  taken  until  1  o'clock,  when  dinner 
18  taken,  after  which  studies  are  resumed  until  4  o'clock 
P.  M. 

Between  this  time  and  six  and  a  half  P.  M.,  the  crews 
take  their  second  pull,  after  which  supper  is  served ;  they 
retire  at  9.30  P.  M.  The  coxswiiin's  orders  used  at  the 
Academy  are  the  following : 

••  Up-Oars. "— Upon  starting  (say  in  a  lapstreak. ) 

"  Let-Fall."— To  return  to  the  rowlocks. 

' '  Give-Way.  "—Bend  forward  and  commence  pulling. 

"Hold-Water  port."       )^ 

"Give-Way  starboard."!^"  *""'"«• 

"  Hold-Water  all."— To  stop  the  headway. 

"  Stern-All."— To  back  the  boat  instead  of  rowing. 

"  In-Bow."— To  make  fast. 

"  Way-Enough."— Stop  rowing. 


IfiG 


ROWINCl   AT  TUB  l'.    H.    N.   ACADBMY. 


..  Tosh." — liift  the  oars  in  the  boat. 
Racing  in  the  Navy  is  not  confined  to  tlu  Academy  alone, 
liut  is  indulged  in  by  our  mon-of-warH  men,  wlioncver  oppor- 
tunity offers,  in  all  quarters  of  the  globe. 

Last  season,  there  were  several  contests  between  the  sail- 
ors of  the  United  States  war  vessels  and  those  of  foreign 
countries,  in  various  quarters  of  the  globe,  in  most  of  which 
the  Americans  were  victorious.  The  boats  used  by  them 
are,  however,  of  course,  much  different  in  shape  and  size, 
from  the  race  boats  used  by  shore  clubs. 

They  arc  usually  ship's  cutters,  or  gigs,  pulling  sometimes 
single,  sometimes  double-banked  oars.  A  spirit  of  rivalry 
exists  abroad,  upon  this  subject  of  boat  racing,  and  consid- 
erable pluck  and  muHclo  are  always  required,  and  often 
brought  into  requisition,  by  the  different  crews,  to  maintain 
the  honor  of  thoir  flag.  To  bo  satisfied  that  our  sailors  are 
superior  to  those  of  most  other  nations  in  the  use  of  the 
oar,  it  is  only  necessary  to  refer  to  the  number  of  victories 
achieved  by  United  States  sailors  over  those  of  France, 
Kngland   and  Prussia,  during  the  post  two  years,   in  the 

(Hiinese  Seas. 

The  last  of  these  races  occurred  last  fall,  between  a 
twelve-oared  gig  of  the  United  States  ship  Sabine,  and  the 
cutters  and  gig.s  of  a  whole  French  squadron  at  Cherbourg, 
France.  The  latter  had  long  been  practicing  for  the  trial, 
whereas,  the  Sabine's  crew  had  hardly  ever  pulled  together, 
up  to  the  time  that  they  received  the  invitation  to  join  the 
race.  The  contest  came  off,  and  was  viewed  by  multitudes 
of  Frenchmen,  to  whose  great  surprise  and  chagrin,  the 
Sabine  crew  distanced  her  numerous  competitors,  "  with 
the  greatest  of  ease." 


ACAD8MY. 


t. 

to  th(-  Academy  alone, 
9  men,  wlioncver  oppor- 
obo. 

itcsts  botwcon  the  sail- 
Is  and   those  of  foreign 

globe,  in  moftt  of  which 
le  boats  used  by  them 
ent  in  shape  and  size, 
lubs. 

gigs,  pulling  sometimes 
■8.  A  spirit  of  rivalry 
boat  racing,  and  consid- 
.ys  required,  and  often 
eront  crews,  to  maintain 
ificd  that  our  sailors  are 
itions  in  the  use  of  the 
I  the  number  of  victories 

over  those  of  France, 
past  two  years,   in  the 

red  last  fall,  between  a 
ites  ship  Sabine,  and  the 
1  squadron  at  Cherbourg, 
practicing  for  the  trial, 
rdly  ever  pulled  together, 
he  invitation  to  join  the 
ras  viewed  by  multitudes 
jrpriso  and  chagrin,  the 
reus   competitors,   "  with 


KOWINO   AT  THK   I',  s.    N.   ACAUKMY. 


r 

■  This  same  crew  of  the  Sabine  wore  so.,,,  after  boaton  by 

I       a  crew  pulling  two  more  oars,    in   the  United  States'  ship 

Franklins'  gig,  the   contest  taking  place  in    Villa   Franca, 

Italy. 


.07 


UOAT  CLUBS  OF   THE  UNITED  STATES  NAVAL 
ACADEMY. 


First  Class,  or  Class  of  1870.-' <  Nautilus  Boat  Club  "- 
One  four-oared  Paper  Shell;    One  four-oared  Paper  Shell 
(new)  ;  one  six-oared  Cedar  Shell. 

Second  Class,  or  Class  of  1871.-One  four-oared  Paper 
Shell.  ' 

Third   Class,   or   Class  of  1872.-Oue  four-oared  Lap- 
streak.  ' 

Fourth  Class,  or  Class  of  1873.-One  four-oared  Lap- 
streak.  ^ 


ACADEMY  BOAT  CLUB. 

COMPOSED    OF    MEMBERS    OF    ALL    CLASSES. 

One  six-oared  Paper  Shell ;   One  six-oared   CeJar  Shell. 


15S 


UOWINO  AT  TIIK   C.    C.    N.    ACADKMV 


NAMKS  OF    CIA'D,  CLA.xH    OK    1H70,    OKOANIZRD  IN    IS6«. 

Wood,  W.  M.;  Ilublmrd,  J  ;  Kunlmrdt,  C.  P.;  Meriiuui, 
a.  A.;  Angur,  J.  J'.  (;.;  C'msl.y,  1'.  II,;  Utloy,  J  II.; 
Nye,  II.  €.;  llollidiiy,  W.  S.;  p.mt,  J.  A.;  Jaeolw.  II.  iM.; 
Sponcor,  T.  S.;  Diniock.  M.  €.;  ^lilton,  J.  IJ.;  Koelor, 
J.  D.;  (irroenc;  II.  U, 


MEMUBHS  OF    CI.IJ11,    CI.Ai<S    OF  1870,    OROANIXKD    1868. 

A.  Ward,  C.    I),   (inllowuy,  F.   (Juertin,    F.   K.    Green, 
T.  C.  Wood. 


•    MEMDEH8    OF    CLASS    OF    1872,    OROANIZKD    IN    1869. 

B.   H.  McLean,  «.  F.  Pineliart,  J.  0.  Fremont,  Jr.,  J. 
H.  Weinlock,  N.  F.  James. 


MKMBKKS    OF    CLASS    OP    1873. 

0.  E.  Fithian,  P.  W,  Danner,  L.    Young,  J.    B,  Gulp, 
F.  A.  Wilner. 


kCADEMY. 


:»UUANI/.RD  IN   1S6H. 

iiirdt,  (,'.  P.;  Merrittiii, 
'.  H.;  lltloy,  J  ir.; 
J.  A.;  Jacobs.  H,  M.; 
lihon,  J.   1{.;    Koeler, 


,    OROANIXKD    1868. 
icrtin,    F.   E.    Green, 


3AN1ZKD    IN    1869. 

.  C.  Fremont,  Jr.,  J. 


1873. 
Young,  J.    B,  Gulp, 


ROWING.  TRAINING,  ETC  ,  ETC.,  OP  THE  HUDSON 
AMATEUR  ROWING  ASSOCIATION. 

BY    BENJAMIN   V.  BRADY,   PRE8IDKNT  HUDSON  AMATIUB  BOAT- 

INO    ASSOCIATION. 


The  Hudson  Amateur  Rowing  Association  was  organized 
on  the  '26th  of  November,  1866,  at  the  Convention  of  Rowing 
Clubs  representing  the  Atalanta,  Waverly,  Columbia,  Alcyon 
and  Ouliok  Clubs,  of  Now  York.  Atlantic  Club,  of  Hobo- 
ken,  New  Jersey,  Hudson  Club,  Jersey  City,  Essex  and  Ne- 
reid Clubs,  of  Newark,  Palisade  Club,  of  Yonkors,  and  Mutual 
Club,  of  Albany.  The  object  of  the  Association  is  to  better 
promote  the  interests  of  Rowing,  and  to  inaugurate  and  per- 
petuate a  series  of  Annual  Regattas,  to  be  given  under 
the  auspices  of,  and  to  be  participated  in  by  the  members. 

A  Constitution,  By-Laws  and  series  of  Rules,  for  the 
government  of  Regattas,  was  adopted,  and  an  election  for 
oflScers  resulted  in  the  choice  of  Benjamin  P.  Brady,  of 
the  Waverly  Club,  for  President.  Hamilton  Wallis,  of  the 
Hudson  Club,  and  D.  W.  Merchant,  of  the  Mutual  Club, 
Vice  Presidents,  Secretaries— J.  McNulty,  Alcyon ;  Chas. 
Tate,  Columbia  Club.  Treasurer— Theodore  M.  Tuthill, 
of  the  Atlantic  Club.  ' 


IGO 


llOWINO  BY   BENJ.   F.  BRADV. 


P'"'^"*'    V.  .  1       ih9  sncccss  of  the  Association  was  assur- 
gre«»ingftom  good  to  better.  .,     ■• 

TKAINING,  EOWING,  ETC. 

TWO  1...  boon  .0  rog^ari,  umve^Uy  ■'^"P"^''^; 
of  t  ling  -o.g.t  t„.  aa«e..  C'"-'  7J;7«  *  .  ; 
eiatioB,  or  ore,,  and  »«f  ^'t^l"a  'iT*-!.. 

„ot  10..,  m  fte  opm,.n  0  ^^  ^^^^  ____^_^^^  „, 

„„w  entered  tW«  »»     ^,.  ^  .^^  fcretion  ot  the  indi- 

„,cr  the  course.  ^  „,,  ;,  ;, 

A,  to  *«"f '"7 /"  X„fe.oeto,re..ltB,a„di. 
T;*  TCrrt;^*!....  wo».a  do  ,e«  ».  e„- 
''"r  Iti  t«oru,«notan  tapes*  matter,  to  0.- 
ITL  ew  »UUe„t  a  eoaek  ea„  .e  WgU  a,  near  to 
S:eotrerfeeti.n,.3aero,wWcl.e„pl.y=ono.  ,  .... 


P 

g 

tb 


ROWING    BT    BENJ.    F.    BRADV. 


public,  f.ccur- 
i  designated  as 

gh  with,  thence 

ending  with  a 

Y  oarsmen  were 

ationwas  assur- 
i  constantly  pro-    , 


CO. 

f  adopted  system 
aposing  the  Asso- 
in  the  races.     In 
>  say  that  there  has 
properly  "  trained 
3 ;  as  the  manner  of 
cretion  of  the  indi- 
abide  by  the  coun- 
its,  diet,  etc.,  most 
g  and  evening  puU 

raining  a  crew  it  is 
■client  results,  and  is 
vould  do  well  to  en- 
•ssible  matter,  to  ex- 
c  brought  as  near  to 
ploys  one.  ,  •. , 


161 


JrZ""'  "*''™^'"  *»•«  «'g«  ''"'i  barges  only;  all  the 
hells  being  constructed  to  dispense  with  them,  and  it  is  safe 
to  predict  that  they  wUl  soon  come  to  be  a  thing  of  the  past, 
m  all  Amencan  shell  races.     Whether  with  or  without  a  cox- 
swam  18  the  more  practical  or  scientific,  dei^cnds,  in  ..  „eat 
measure,  upon  the  nature  of  the  course  pulled,  and  the  effici- 
ency  of  the  bow  oar ;  but  an  experienced  crew  can  well  «et 
along  without  one.     While  the  fact  has  been  several  Mmes 
proven  that  a  good  coxswain  ha.  been  the  means  of  winning 
a  race  with  an  acknowledged  inferior  crew. 

COXSWAIN'S  ORDERS 
Among  the  clubs  of  the  Association,  are  given  as  follows  : 
Ut.  "  Oars.  "-The  crew  raising  their  oars  to  an  angle  of 

forty-five  degrees  and  then  placing  them  in  the  thole  pins. 
2d.   "  Out"-The  crew  running  their  oars  out  to  the  pro- 

per  distance  for  rowing,  the  blade  being  paraUel  with  the 

gunwale  of  the  boat. 

3d.  ..Give-Way."-At  the  word  "Give"  throwing 
the  handle  of  the  oar  forward  well  over  the  toes.  The  blade 
being  at  a  proper  angle  to  strike  the  water ;  and  at  the  word 

way     dipping  the  oar  in  the  commencement  of  the  pull. 

4th.  '.W.igh.".-To  stop  rowing. 

I 

"Weigh-Port."  ) 

6tb.  ^•^E8fiy.AU."--To  slacken  speed. 


5th.  "Weigh-Starboard." 

w  ^  To  turn  right  or  left. 


162 


ROWINa  UY    BEN.T.    F.   lUlADY. 


7th  .'Oars-Apeak."-To  salute  when  at  rest.  The  oars 
to  he  raised  perpendicularly,  the  handles  resting  on  the  floor, 
and  the  blades  running  fore  and  aft.      ^  ,>,-.,«.',-     ;    -  . 

8tli.   "  Weigh- Across,"  j  ,     ,     j  ' 

•        ~    "Apeak."       \  To  salute  when  under  headway 
llunning  the  oars  across  both  gunwales.  ^^^^^  ^^  ,.,,^        , 

9th  "  Let-rall."-To  regain  former  position.  At  the 
word  "Let,"  raising  the  oar  about  four  inches,  and  at  the 
word  "Fall,"  throwing  it  into  the  thole-pins,  the  blade 
"  first  "  touching  the  water 

10th  "Across-Ship."-To  get  the  oars  in  the  boat.  At 
the  word  "  Ship,"  raising  the  oar  at  a  distance  to  clear  the 
heads  of  the  crew,  and  dropping  it  lightly  in  the  centre  of  the 
boat. 

nth  "Trail-Oars."-In  passing  through  bridges,  cul- 
verts, etc..  unshipping  the  oar  and  trailing  it  at  the  side  of 
the  boat. 

12th.  "Recovcr-Oars."-To  regain  former  position. 

-  The  number  of  strokes  pulled  by  the  association  crews  it 
would  be  impossible  to  designate,  with  any  degree  of  accuracy, 
as  all  rowers  have  their  own  peculiar  styles  ;and  >n  many  eases 
a  man,  or  a  crew,  may  start  at  the  rate  of  t^^J-^/^  ^^J 
„,inute  and  increase  to  forty,  and  finish  at.  or  near,  thirty-two. 
In  practicing  a  crew,  a  "  pull."  and  "  tire  out,"  «  certain  y  de- 
trimental to  proper  training,  as  a  crew  should  "never    be 

over  worked.  .    . 

The  mode  of  dipping  the  oar.  among  the  association  crews. 


DY. 


at  rest.     The  oars 
resting  on  the  floor, 


ben  under  headway 

r  position.  At  the 
r  inches,  and  at  the 
hole-pins,   the   blade 


ars  in  the  boat.     At 

distance  to  clear  the 

ly  in  the  centre  of  the 

ihrough  bridges,  cul- 
iling  it  at  the  side  of 

former  position. 

le  association  crews  it 
my  degree  of  accuracy, 
^les  ;  and  in  many  cases 
ite  of  thirty-six  to  the 
at,  ornear, thirty-two. 
re  out,"  is  certainly  de- 
3W  should  "never  "be 

a  the  association  crews, 


KOWINO    BT    BENJ.    f.    BRADV. 


163 


row  with  the  W'£  straight,  elbows  well  at  the  sides 

As  will  be  see,  in  the  constitution,  the  assocfSn  vcst.s  its 
power  ma  boar  J  of  delegates,  composed  of  three  members  fro.u 
each  club,  who  in  turn  elect  a  commodore  and  an  executive 
committee,  who  have  full  power  to  make  all  arrangement,  for 
Regattas  and  Reviews,  select  judges,  procure  prizes,  etc. 

Ihe  position  of  commodore  has  been  held  by  the  followiujr 
gentlemen :  ° 

1866  and  1867,       ;     '  ;    ^^    ^  _       Benj.  F.  Brady' 

1868  and  1869,  .  r.    .,  «    ,      . 
i'avid  Banks,  Jr. 

^^^^ Benj.  F.  Brady. 

The  Clubs  composing  the  Association  number  in  the  aggre- 
gate about  three  hundred  and  fifty  members.     .      .  ►. 


•i  4,iiv> 


^^{-'*^"'Kt.?i:.-A•  - 


:         ■     -       y      M 

>  1   '■\-. - 


.It: 

i 


is,  as  a  general  rule,  to  immerse  about  one  half  the  bla.lo  •  1^ 

row  with  flio 'la,  V  =t,„:™Vi    -11..  ...  '  ii 


ROWING  AND  TRAINING, 


BY 


OEOKO 


,   R.    WBIGUT,    .X-PRMIDBNT 


N.    W.    A.    B.    A. 


on  Boating.  Kowing,  au  ^j^,.^  ^ 

,«„t.gMM 'heart  of  Kowing  j^_ 

.h„l,  bod,  ,hiA  Hi-  ■>»   "'"^  -';  ^;^'     Tier.  i.  n. 

amuBement  in  the  worW  wnitu 

finestqualitiesof  manhood  than  Rowing-  ^^ 

I  feel  greatly  complimented  -  J-«^^:J2^^^^^ 

contribute  a  few  ^-^  ^"'^  ^^^I  Iplj.  -t  that  I 
that  it  is  with  some  relncUnce    h^  I     «»P  ^  ^^^^^ 

„udge  the  time  or  trouble,  but  that  I  appreeia       y 
Lbility  to  write  anything  on  this  ««^3-t.  jh^  -  1^^^^^^ 

of  interest  to  any   one.  ^--"^'^^^^^.t  ; 'Vdy.    JoB^ 
already  contributionB  from  Messrs.    Blaikie.   m  y. 


ROWINO    BY    0.    B.    WRIGHT. 


165 


NG, 


N.    W.    A.    B.    A. 


learned  of  your  in- 
i  early  date,  a  Work 
Training,  as  I  have 
ive,  to  posBCBS  Buch  a 
it-door  sport  so  de- 
same  number  of  ad- 
is  not  a  muscle  in  the 

0  play,   thereby  im- 
•e  body.     There  is  no 

a  better  test  of  the 

ag- 

ng  asked  by  you,  to 

?ork,  but  must  confess 

1  comply,  not  that  I 
I  appreciate  my  utter 

jject,  which  will  prove 

J  I  do,  that  you  have 

Blaikie,  Brady,   Josh 


Ward,  Roberts,  and  numbers  of  other  men,  who  have  been 
boating  men  aU  their  lives,  and  are  so  ably  qualified  to 
write  on  that  topic.  Under  these  circumstances,  it  seems 
to  me  that  it  is  not  in  the  power  of  a  Western  man  to  add 
anything  which  can  possibly  throw  any  light  on  the  subject. 
However,  if  any  remarks  from  mo  will  contribute  to  the 
pleasure  of  yourself,  or  any  one  who  has  the  interest  of 
boatmg  at  heart,  I,  shall  be  delighted. 

A  Work  such  as  you  are  now  preparing,  is  one  which  has 
been  often  and  badly  wanted  for  some   years,    particularly 
throughout  the  Western  States,  where  boating  is,  compara- 
tively speaking,  a  new  thing.    For  instance,  the  "Milwau- 
kee Boat  Club,"  an  organization  which   has  existed  since 
the  faU   of  1856.  although  the  oldest   Boat   Club  in   the 
West,  and  one  of  the  oldest   in  the  country,   even   after  so 
many  years  of  experience,  is  to-day,  far  below  the  standard 
which  they  should  long  since  have  arrived  at,  simply  because 
they  have  not  had   the   benefit  of  the   proper  instruction 
either  through  a  Work  on  the  subject,  or  from  some  one  pro- 
ficient in  the  Art  of  Rowing. 

Notwithstanding  a  large  number  of  Boat  Clubs  have  been 
organized  through  our  Western  country,  during  the  past 
fifteen  years,  I  am  satisfied  that  more  interest  has  been 
manifested  and  more  steady  progress  made  in  this  manly 
sport,  during  the  last  three  years  than  there  was  during  the 
previous  eight  or  ten.  Up  to  the  year  1866,  there  seemed 
to  be  nothing  to  keep  organizations  of  this  description  to- 
gether. Boat  clubs,  although  within  a  short  distance  of 
each  other,  were  either  ignorant  of  their  close  proximity 
or  lacked  the  "pluck  "  to  enter  the  lists  and  measure  oars 
with  their  neighbors  of  the  same  stripe,   and  as  the  mere  ob- 


■  IS 

■li 


1C6 


ROWING  BY  (1.   B.  WRIOUT. 


iect  of  exercise  was  not  sufficient,  in  a  majority  of  cases,  to  keep 
up  the  proper  and  necessary  interest,  the  orgamzat.ons  one  by 
one.  dropped  out  of  existence,  and  either  left  the.  boa^. 
and  other  property  to  rot  where  they  stood,  or  parted  wxth 
them  for  a  mere  song,  to  a  fresh  organization  which  had  t» 
day,  and  eventually  followed  in  the  footsteps  of  its  prede- 

Twas  not  until  the  month  of  October.  1867.  that  any 
real  interest  or  excitement  in  boating  matters  in  the  West, 
seemed  to  manifest  itself. 

This  wa3  occasioned  by  a  friendly  race  between  the  Mil- 
waukee Boat  Club  and  Detroit  Boat  Club,  which  took  place  on 
the  Detroit  River,  on  the  3rd  of  October  1867.     In  conver- 
sation with  a  number  of  our  Western  boating  men.  duringthe 
last  year  or  so,  I  find  they  are  inclined  to  sneer  or  laugh 
at  that  little  race,  either  on  account  of  the  style  of  boats 
used  or  the  time  made  in  the  ra«e.  or,  perhaps,  the  condition 
of  the  two  crews,  but  if  they  will  only  think  for  a  moment 
they  will  agree  with  me  in  saying  that  that   small  event  did 
more  towards  building  up  the  cause  of  Boating  m  the  West, 
than  all  the  interest  manifested  in  various  localities,  or  the 
sums  of  money  spent  on  boats,    previous  to  that  time.     It 
was  the  very  next  spring  that,  encouraged  with  the  success 
our  undertaking  of  the  former  season  had  met  with,  a  few  ot 
the  most  sanguine  of  us  undertook  the  organization  of  a  boat- 
ing association,  believing  in  the  old  adage,  that  "m  union 
there  is  strength"  and  that  if  it  was  practicable  to  once  unite 
our  boating  interests,  we  would  then  have  something  to  work 
for,  and  keep  up  our  organizations,  besides  affording  an  op- 
portunity of  meeting,  at  least  once  each  year,  and  discussing 
Ltters  of  interest  and  giving  each  a  chance  to  prove  the  pro- 


ROWINO  IIV  O.    R.    WRKillT. 


107 


^  of  cases,  to  keep 
mizations,  one  by 
left  their  boat* 
or  parted  with 
ion  which  had  its 
epg  of  its  prede- 

1867,  that  any 
ers  in  the  West, 

between  the  Mil- 
rhich  took  place  on 
1867.     In  conver- 
ngmen,  during  the 
to  sneer  or  laugh 
the  style  of  boats 
liaps,  the  condition 
link  for  a  moment, 
lat   small  event  did 
)ating  in  the  West, 
IS  localities,  or  the 
(  to  that  time.     It 
sdwith  the  success 
met  with,  a  few  of 
anization  of  a  boat- 
,ge,  that  "in  union 
ticable  to  once  unit© 
B  something  to  work 
les  affording  an  op- 
year,  and  discussing 
ice  to  prove  the  pro- 


gress they  might   have   mode   during   the   year.     At  first, 
to  be   candid,  it   was  rather   doubtful   where   we  were    to 
got  the  clubs  from,  as    wo   then  only  knew  of   two.     But 
"whore  there's  a  will,  there's  a  way;"  and  persevering,  we 
finally  succeeded  in  gathering  together  the  fragments  of  a  suf- 
ficient  number  of  boat  clubs  to  ensure  our  ultimate  success,  and 
on  the  29th  of  October,   1868.  seven  organized  Boat  Clubs 
sent  delegates  to  the  City  of  Milwaukee,  and  then,  and  there, 
the  first  regular,  and,  I  sincerely  hope,  permanent  organizations 
of  our  Western  Boating  Men  was  formed,  for  the  purpose  of 
—as  the  Constitution  of  the  Association  declares— a  friendly 
union  of  aU  clubs  and  individuals  interested  in  the  healthful 
exercise  of  boating,  for  the  more  effectual  promotion  and  pro- 
tection of  their  rights  and  interests,  and  to  give,  annually,  a 
Regatta,  during  the  month  of  July,  at  such  a  point  as  should 
previously  be  agreed  upon.     The  Association  accomolished 
the  desired  object  and  proved  a  success,  and  I  feel  certain  that 
all  parties  who  contributed,  no  matter  at  how  much  sacrifice 
to  themselves,  towards  starting  it,  feel  amply  compensated  for 
their  labor. 

All  the  old  Boat  Clubs  throughout  the  West  were  reor- 
ganizcd  and  new  ones  started,  and  the  foUowing  year,  1869, 
on  the  8th  and  9th  of  July,  at  the  City  of  Toledo,  Ohio, 
the  Northwestern  Boating  Association  gave  its  first  Annual 
Regatta,  which  was  admitted  by  all  to  be  the  grandest  affair' 
of  the  kind  ever  witnessed  in  the  West.  It  was  during  this 
Regatta  that  the  question  was  raised  whether  any  difference 
in  timeshould.be  allowed  between  the  different  classes  of 
boats  (for,  at  that  time,  there  were  not  two  boats  alike  in 
the  Association)  and  after  considerable  debate  on  the  sub- 
ject, it  was  finally  agreed  that  no  difference  should  be  allow- 


168 


ROWINO  BY  U.   K.   WRIOHT. 


cd  Thi8  decision  may  have  caused,  at  the  t.iu..  some 
little  dissatisfaction  among  the  crews  and  clubs,  but  they 
have  since  seen  that  it  was  a  wise  one.  as  it  forced  all 
clubs  who  expected  to  compete  for  prizes  the  next  year,  to 
'  procure  first-class  boats,  which  was  demonstrated  at  the  ^d 
Annual  Kegatta  of   the   Association,  held  at   Detroit  last 

^°  With  very  few  exceptions,  every  boat  entered  for  those 
races  was  of  the  latest  model,  dispensing  with  the  services 
of  a  coxswain.  The  Regatta  at  Detroit  passed  off  splendid- 
ly, being,  if  possible,  a  grander  success  than  the  one  held 
t^,e  previous  season,  and  we  have  every  reason  to  behevo 
and  expect  that  each  years'  meeting  will  exceed  the  last 
one.  and  that  at  no  very  distant  day.  the  Northwestern 
Amateur  Boating  Association  will  be  one  of  the  strongest 
organizations  in  the  country. 

The  time  made  by  the  winning  boats  at  the  two  Hegattas 
held  under  the  auspices  of  the  Association,  when  compared 
with  that  made  by  some  of  our  Eastern  brethren,  may  per- 
haps seem  to  them,  and  to  the  community  at  large,  as  bemg 
rather  "thin,"  but  time,  patience  and  perseverance  will 
overcome  innumerable  obstacles,  and  the  day  may  soon  come 
when  our  Western  boys  will  crowd  their  rivals  on  the  home 

'' Notwithstanding  our  Eastern  friends  have  the  advantage 
of  us  in  being  able  to  procure  their  shells  at  home  we  are 
plucky  enough  to  send  down  there  for  them,  and  at  the 
present  time,  every  Club  in  the  Association  has  at  east 
two  eastern  built  shells  in  their  possession.  It  would  be  a 
treat  to  our  friend,  Charles  B.  Elliott,  if  he  could  witness 
the  large  number  of  his  beautiful  shells  on  the  water  at   the 


BOWIN(i  Ulf  a.   R.    WRIGHT. 


169 


it  the  tiiui.,  soino 
d  clubs,  but  they 
e,  B8  it  forced  all 
the  next  year,  to 
nstrated  at  the  2d 
M  at   Detroit  last 

t  entered  for  those 
g  with  the  services 
passed  off  splendid- 
I  than  the  one  held 
y  reason  to  believe 
rill  exceed  the  last 
r,  the  Northwestern 
one  of  the  strongest  " 

at  the  two  Regattas 
ion,  when  compared 
brethren,  may  per- 
ity  at  large,  as  being 
nd  perseverance  will 
c  day  may  soon  come 
sir  rivals  on  the  home 

I  have  the  advantage 
jUs  at  homo,  we  are 
or  them,  and  at  the 
ociation  has  at  least 
sion.  It  would  be  a 
t,  if  he  could  witness 
8  on  the  water  at  the 


same   time,   which   we   have   at   our    Regattas.     It  is   not 
my    intention    to    enlarge    very  much    on   training,    as  I 
should    only  prove    my    own    ignorance    on    the    subject, 
and  prefer,  therefore,    to  leave  that   to  yoursolf,  and  will 
content  myself  with  making  a  few   sugge^iiona,  w^ich  will, 
of  course,  be  of  very  little  interest  to  those  who  have  here- 
tofore given  the   matter  of  Training  any  great  amount   of 
attention,  but  may  be  of  some  use  to  beginners  throughout 
our  western   country.     In   the  first  place,  in  reference  to 
boats,  I   should  advise  any  Club  or  Crew  who  expect  to  do 
any  pulling,  to  procure  a  first-class  shell  of  the  latest  model, 
without  coxswain.     If  you  have  no  one  among  your  number 
who  understands  shells,  leave  the  dimensions  of  your  boat  on- 
tirely  ii,   the   hands   of  the  builder,  and  you  will  not  lose 
anything.     When  you  get  into  her  for  the  first  time,  don't 
make   up   your  minds  that  she  must  turn  over  with  you— it 
is  not  at  all  necessary.     A   shell,  with  a  crew  in  her,  pro- 
viding the  rowlocks  are  properly  guarded   (as  they  always 
should  be,  by  a  small  wire  wound  round   the   top)  may  be 
swamped  by  a  tug  or  steamer  without  turning  over.     The 
art  of  steering,  by  means  of  a  traveler,  is  one  which  can  only 
be  learned  by  practical  experience,  but  wiU  not  prove  a  very 
difficult  matter,  and  with  a  fittle  confidence,  is  soon  acquired. 
The  great  beauty  of  steering  in  this  way  is  to  use  the  rudder 
as  httle  as  possible,  for  every  time  you  bring  it  around  it  re- 
tards your  boat.     Of  course,  at  the  turn,  you  make  use  of  it 
to  bring  the  boat  round,  but  on  a  straight  course  you  can 
keep  your  boat  on  her  course  by  cautioning  the  men  on  one 
side  or  the  other.     For  instance,  if  she  is  going  a  little  to  the 
port  side,  caution  the  port  side  to  put  on  a  little  more  "  beef, " 
or  command  starboard  to    "ease  up  "  a  little,  and  in   this 


no 


KOWINfl  BY  (I.   K.  WRKIIIT. 


way  you  bring  her    back  witl.nut  checking  her  speed.     It 
isnotncccsBuryfor  the   bow  oarsman  (who,  in  n.ost  cases. 
,„anagc8  the  traveler)  when  he  has  a  straight  course,  to   bo 
constantly  turning  round  to  see  where  he  is  going  to,  as,  if 
before  starting  ho  takes  a  mark  on  the  shore  in  a  hno  with 
the  stake,  and  once  gets  his  boat  into  this  lino,  ho  will  have 
no  difficulty  in  keeping  her  all  right,  until  he  gets  very  near 
the  turning  point,  when  he  will  have  to  look  round,  in   or- 
der to  make  as  short  a  turn  as  possible. 

The  true  principle  of  training,  says  an  able  writer  on  that 
subject,  is  "to  nourish  the  body  as  rapidly  as  possible,  and 
at  the  same  time   get  rid  of  the  '  loose  '  or  '  soft  '  flesh 
In  many  instances,  the  training  done  by  our  Western  Clubs 
has  been  either  a  perfect  farce,  or  in  the  other  extreme, 
has  been  too  severe.     In  my  opinion,  an  over-trained  man  is 
worse  than  one  not  trained  at   all.  as  he  has.  not  the   back 
bone  to  carry  him  through;  while  the  latter,  if  plucky,   will 
stick  it  out,  although  ho   may   injure   himself  in  doing  so. 
The  trouble  seems  to  bo  that   Olubs,  notwithstanding  they 
have  a  whole  winter  and  spring  before  the   Racing  Season, 
which  gives  them  time  gradually  to  get  themselves  into  the 
proper  condition,  neglect  to  do  so  until  a  month  or  six 
weeks  before  they  are  going  to  pull,  and  then  expect  to  at- 
tain, in  that  short  time,  what  wiU   naturally  require  three 

times  as  long. 

A  fatal  mistake  is  sometimes  made  in  taking  violent  exorcise 
immediately  after  arising,  and,  consequently,  on  an  empty 
stomach.  This  is  one  of  the  best  ways  in  the  world  to  run  a 
crew  into  the  ground.  A  walk  of  three  or  four  miles,  com- 
mencing at  a  slow  and  easy  gait,  increasing  the  speed  grad- 
ually, and  ending  with  a  trot  for  the  last  three  quarters  of  a 


r. 


ing  her  spcctl.  It 
ho,  in  most  casen, 
light  courso,  to  b« 
is  going  to,  as,  if 
lioro  in  a  lino  with 
lis  lino,  ho  will  have 
il  ho  gots  very  near 
look  round,  in  or- 

ablc  writer  on  that 
lly  as  nnRBiblo.  and 


'  or  'soft'  flesh." 
y  our  Western  Clubs 

the  other  extreme, 
I  over-trained  man  is 

0  has.  not  the  back 
atter,  if  plucky,  will 
limself  in  doing  so. 
lotwithstanding  they 

the  Racing  Season, 

themselves  into  the 

itil  a  month  or  six 

id  then  expect  to  at- 

.turally  require  three 

taking  violent  exercise 
juently,  on  an  empty 

1  in  the  world  to  run  a 
ee  or  four  miles,  com- 
easing  the  speed  grad- 
iast  three  quarters  of  a 


IJOWINO  uY  (1.    H.    WRKIIIT. 


171 


niilo,  is  as  violent  oxeroigo  as  should,  in  my  opinion,  over  bo. 
taken  in  the  morning  before  breakfast,  but  under  no  circuni- 
Htanoes  should  they  attempt  to  pull  at  that  time.  Neither 
Hliould  a  crew  lie  allowed  to  pull  more  than  once  eaoli  day 

'  on  time."  I  don't  moan  by  this  that  they  should  only  pull 
once  a  day,  for  I  think  thoy  ought  to  have  a  pull  in  tho 
morning,  about  an  hour  after  breakfast,  and  again  about  five 
or  six  oolock  (not  later  than  seven,  as  the  evening  air  is  apt 
to  bo  damp, )  and  at  this  time  thoy  should  pull  over  tho  course, 
easy  tho  first  time,  and  then  after  they  are  warmed  up  a  little, 
try  it  on  time.  The  eflfect  of  pulling  on  time,  whenever  you 
get  into  your  boat,  is  to  wear  yourself  out,  instead  of  improv- 
ing your  condition. 

Tho  most  essential  part  of  training  is  the  perfect  regulari- 
ty which  should  govern  all  one's  actions.  Men  in  training 
should  always  be  up  at  six  in  the  morning,  and  never  out  of 
bed  after  ton  at  night ;  their  exercise  should  be  taken  at  cer- 
tain hours  each  day,  and  meal  hours  should  bo  equally  aa 
regular.  So  far  as  the  matter  of  food  is  concerned,  I  have 
no  faith,  whatever,  in  bringing  a  crew  down  from  their  accus- 
tomed diet  to  a  certain  fix«d  bill  of  fare.  In  selecting  ma- 
terial for  a  crew,  you  are  supposed  to  make  choice  of  perfect- 
ly sound  and  healthy  men,  and  if  you  have  this  at  the  start, 
I  can't  see  how  you  will  be  likely  to  improve  them  by  feed- 
ing them  on  "raw  meat,"  which,  in  some  cases,  is  almost  re- 
pulsive, and  is  taken  more  as  a  child  takes  castor  oil,  (be- 
cause it  has  to,)  than  as  a  refreshment.  Of  course,  ex- 
cesses of  all  kinds  should  be  avoided,  but  if  a  man  is  accus- 
tomed to  eat  well-done  meat,  let  him  do  so  still,  and  if  he  pre- 
fers it  rare,  let  him  have  it  rare.  But  giving  the  men  the  lib- 
erty  to  choose  there  own  diet,  does  not  include  the  privilege 


17t 


BOWINO  BV  tl.    R.    WKKlllT. 


of  indulging  in  oyst«r  Buppcr«.  or  i.-o  creutn,  ut  I'i  V.  M.  ;  for. 
n«  I  B»id  lH,f..re.  irregularitioi.  of  .11  kinds  are  to  b«  avoided. 
Fast  women,  whiskey  and  tobaco  are  the  three  indulgences 
most  difficult  for  a  crew  to  break  off,  if  the  desire  for  them 
l„s  once  iH^en  acquired,  but  they  are  the  perfectly  healthy 
nmns'  worst  enemies.  No  crow  can  ever  put  themselves  m 
any  sort  of  c«n.lition  unless  they  persistently  avoid  each  and 
every  one  of  them,  and  they  must  see,  on  reflection,  that  no 
amount  of  training  will  benefit  them  one  particle,  so  long  as 
an  appetite  for  these  vices  is  gratified. 

If  your  men   are  in  the  habit  of  taking  a  glass  of  ale  or 
porter,  at  dinner,  each  day.  I  should  let   them  do  so  still, 
but   shouKl  not  recommend  this  to  thono  who  are  not  accus- 
tomed to  it,  for  the  less  liquids  used  at  a  meal  the  better, 
as   they   retard  digestion.     If  the    men  complain   of  boils, 
(which  will,  in  most  cases,  make  their   appearance  on  men 
<luring  the  process  of  training.)    don't   let  them  quit  under 
the  supposition  that  they  are   injuring  themselves,   as  these 
little  "blessings"  are  the  best  evidence   in  the  world  that 
the  mode  of  training  is  a  success,  and  that  the  sufferer  is 
in    this    very    way    working   off   all    impurities    from  his 
system.     No  man  over   went   through   a  course   of  training 
who  was  not  favored  with  them   at   some  time  or  othti. 
and  often  to  such  an  extent  as  to  render  him  unfit  to   pull 
in  a  boat,  in  which  case  he  would  have  to  discontinue  doing 
80  for  a  day  or  so  ;  but,  in  the  mean  time,  there  are  many 
other  ways  of  taking  exercise,  so  that  he  need  not  fall  be- 
hind the  balance  of  the  crew  until  such  time  as  he  is  able 
to   resume   his  position. 

To  train   for  a   race,  is  a  matter  which  requires  a  great 
deal  of  sacrifice  and  self-denial  on  the  part   of  those   under- 


llltlllT. 

renin,  at  1'2  V.  M.  ;  for, 
kiiKla  are  to  be  avoided, 
re  the  three  indulgences 
\  if  the  desire  for  them 
re  the  perfectly  healthy 
1  over  jmt  themaelvos  in 
«i«tently  avoid  each  and 
e,  on  reflection,  that  no 
one  particle,  ao  long  as 

d. 

taking  a  glass  of  nlo  or 
lid  let  them  do  bo  still, 
hoHO  who  are  not  accus- 
ad  at  a  meal  the  better, 

men  complain  of  boils, 
licir  appearance  on  men 
m't  lot  them  quit  under 
•ing  themselves,  as  these 
idence  in  the  world  that 
ond  that  the  suflFerer  is 
all  impurities  from  his 
ugh   a  course   of  training 

at  some  time  or  othtr, 
render  him  unfit  to  pull 
1  have  to  discontinue  doing 
ean  time,  there  are  many 
9  that  he  need  not  fall  be- 
1  such  time  as  he  is  able 

ler  which  requires  a  great 
I  the  part   of  those   under- 


HOWINO  BV  a.    M.   WRICIIIT. 


na 


taking  it,  and,  for  this  reason,  I  regret  to  say,  it  is  very 
often  attempted  by  a  crew,  and  after  a  abort  trial,  iti 
abandoned.  «,      i    •       > 

I'erfoet  diaoipline  ia  absolutely  nocesaary  ;  there  must  bo 
but  one  "  Captain,"  and  all  the  balance  uf  the  crew  should 
be  literally  machinea,  subject  to  his  control.  This,  every 
one  who  triea  training  must  make  up  hia  mind  to,  before  he 
becomes  a  candidate,  and  resolve  to  patiently  submit  to 
what  is  only  reasonable. 

I  admire  eioeedingly,  the  plan  which  has  been  almost  uni- 
versally adopted  by  our  more  experienced  Eastern  boating 
men  for  selecting  material  for  a  orew,  vis  :  To  firdt  make 
choice  of  a  Captain  who  is  supposed  to  be  the  one  best 
qualified  for  that  poaition,  and  then  let  him  aeleet  hia 
crew. 

It  used  to  be  customary  here,  to  have  a  committee  select 
the  crew,  and  thia  plan  haa,  in  many  cases,  given  great 
dissatisfaction,  as  prejudices  and  preferences  are  very  apt  to 
govern  the  selection  made,  instead  of  relative  worth  and 
capability.  By  adopting  the  former  plan,  you  place  the 
whole  matter  in  the  hands  of  one  man,  and  hold  him 
responsible  for  the  condition  and  qualification  of  his  crew — 
and  he  will  invariably  select  men  because  he  feels  they 
are  capable  of  filling  the  bill,  and  is  not  liable  to  let  per- 
sonal feeling  have  much  weight  in  the  matter,  where  his 
own  reputation  is  at  stake.  When  a  Trainer  is  employed, 
I  do  not  think  he  should  form  one  of  the  crew,  as  with  the 
present  style  of  shells,  every  one  has  all  ho  can  attend  to 
properly,  to  mind  hia  own  business,  without  watching  and  cor- 
recting the  movements  of  any  one  else.  The  Trainer  should 
cither  ride  along    the   bank,   where   he  can  observe  and 


Is 

K 

!' 


W 


174 


ROWINa  BY  a.    R.   WEIGUT. 


^arn  each  man  of  his  irregularities,  or,  if  this   is  not  prac- 
ticable, he  should  row  alongside  in  another  boat. 

The  principle  of  having  a  separate  course  la,d  out  tor 
each  boat  (which  has  been  adopted  by  the  N.  VV.  A.  13. 
Association,)  is,  in  my  opinion,  an  excellent  idea,  as  it  re- 
moves all  possibility  of  the  boat's  fouling,  either  on  the 
course  or  at  the  turning  point,  and  consequently  •  makes  it  a 
very  easy  matter  for  the  judges  to  give  their  decisions,  and 
never  renders  it  necessary  to  have  a  race  repeated.  Where 
separate  courses  are  laid  out,  the  course  to  be  pulled  over  by 
each  bout  should  be  decided  upon  prior  to  the  race,  by  the 
Captain  or   Coxswain  of  each  boat  drawing  lots. 

With  these  few  general  hints,  I  shall  conclude,  and  leave 
the  task  of  laying  out  a  course  of  training,  in  all  its  more 
minute  details,  to  yourself  or  some  one  else,  who  has  had 


more  experience  in  the  matter. 


>v]    ili    I  #|i!f «.!■...£-»' 


«='  » ( : 


s^ikCff   r<'i;-'*   at    rm^ 


^•     .  .    ;,  «  ,' 


■■.»!■.,     *!■♦■{    *v  '   ■■>  t, 


"i    (  ' 


•r^'  } 


-.     '-t       JH  .    ■ 


4., 


lUT. 

)r,  if  tbip   is  not  prac- 
ther  boat. 

to  course  laid  out  for 
by  the  N.   VV.  A.   B. 
excellent  idea,  as  it  re- 
fouling,  either  on  the 
lonsequently  •  makes  it  a 
ive  their  decisions,  and 
race  repeated.     Where 
rse  to  be  pulled  over  by 
rior  to  the   race,  by  the 
irawing  lots, 
ihall  conclude,  and  leave 
aining,   in  all  its  more 
one  else,  who  has  had 


*j<s    r 


M'-   ■.»>l?s#* 


*i?,  :!M'     W^ft."" 


J- M,,«--  .*<; 


jf<    ftw  !-ii>ri' 1 'f   "^- 


■   '    .       W'.iiv'ii-       t-'-'<il''     'J;,'         .,'.       .        ,;\-   .,L     V,:'    >    >  :;     ■ 

'■-     ■■     ■■■'   ,^'^''''"'  -  ,«   ■W'^iV '"1  "i''!*-!'     '.!  .ii^'iiJri  L.«iii,>?:i     ■< 

UNDINE  CLUB,  ERIE— METHOD   OF  TRAINING. 

BY    R.     E.    CLE.MEN3. 


In  the  morning,  running  or  walking  exercise,  for  about  an 
hour,  to  help  the  wind;  after  which  no  more  exercise  is 
taken  until  evening,  at  which  time  an  hour's  rowing  is  gener- 
ally taken  during  regular  training. 

The  diet  is  beef  steak  or  a  roast,  cooked  rare,  good,  sweet 
bread,  either  brown  or  white,  or  both,  and  vegetables  ;  very 
little  butter  or  grease  of  any  kind ;  no  coffee,  tea  or  stim- 
ulant of  any  description,  cold  water  is  the  drink,  and  no 
limit  is  placed  upon  the  quantity  of  food  eaten. 

Rowing  in  thd  morning  is  not  considered  good  trc'iiing,  as 
they  find  that  they  cannot  rise  from  bed,  and  step  into  a  boat, 
and  take  a  long  pull,  without  great  fatigue. 

Their  style,  of  stroke  is  about  thirty-eight  or  forty  to  the 
minute,  and  employs  the  arms,  back  and  legs,  bracing  firmly 
against  the  stretcher,  and  thowing  the  head  back  to  facilitate 
respiration. 

The  place  for  the  stroke  oar,  in  the  "Volante,"  is  on 
th8  "port"  side,  in  the  "Minniola,"  starboard,  in  the 
shell,  Port. 


176 


METHOD  OP  TBAININO  BY  E.   K.    CLEMENS. 


Coxswains  are  used  in  all  of  the  boats,  exuoptiug  the 
shell,  which  is  traveler-rigged. 

This  Club  is  one  of  the  Northwestern  Amateur  Boating 
Association,  composed,  like  a  majority  of  amateur  clubs  of 
the  United  States,  of  business  men  and  clerks,  for  whom  it 
is  almost  impossible    to  go   through  a  regular  course  of 

training. 

The  Club  expect,  however,  to  figure  more  prominently  in 
the  aquatic  world, .  in  the  future,  than  they  have  done  in 
the  past. 


J-:^' 


gjTJJWMaTtftfiW'*!'** 


s^jj„i,ie™i»iaB«»*i*«<**''*«"'*'*''' 


E.    CLEUENS. 

boats,    exuopting  the 

irn  Amateur  Boating 
of  amateur  clubs  of 

nd  clerks,  for  whom  it 
a  regular  course  of 

!  more  prominently  in 
bu  they  have  done  in 


;  y-1^ 


ROWING  AND  TRAINING  IN  GEORGIA. 


BV 


A.  m'c.  doncan,  savannah. 


With  reference  to  the  various  iuquirics  made  in  your  Cir- 
cular of  February,  I  will  answer  as  they  are  propounded  : 

With  this  I  send  you  copies  of  the  Rules  and  Regulations 
governing  the  three  Boat  Clubs  in  Savannah,  as  also  a  copy 
of  that  for  the  Regatta  Association. 

From  what  I  can  learn,  it  has  been  seldom  that  the  stroke 
has  been  upon  the  port  side. 

Prior  to  the  formation  of  the  Amateur  Club,  in  1859,  the 
oars  were  made  of  yellow  pine,  well  seasoned,  with  round 
looms,  and  straight  blades. 

In  1859,  the  spoon  blades,  with  round  looms,  and  made  of 
spruce  pine,  were  first  introduced. 

Since  then  no  other  material  than  spruce  pine  is  used,  more 
because  of  the  facility  with  which  they  can  be  obtained; 
some  doubt  being  entertained  as  to  their  superiority  over  a 

Xtmt 


aiie^BjitfgftBtfiirii^)»i«BW»^^i1fea^j^^ 


I 


i 


i'TWliiuVLljiSg^* 


J.-S  iioWINO  BY   A.    m'c.    DUNCAN. 

.  well  Hcasonc.V  yellow  pine  straight  blade.  A.  to  dimen- 
sions of  oars,  in  length,  from  twelve  to  fourteen  cet-wUh 
Wades  .from  six  to  six  and  a  half  inches  w.de  at  the  t.p.  Only 
one  set  of  square  looms  have  been  tried,  viz  :  last  year,  and 
liave  been  discarded  since.  .     ,   ^,       , 

No  system  of  training  has  ever  been  fully  practiced,  though 
attempts  to  approximate  to  that  system  laid  T.owa  in  Stone- 
l.enge.  have  i^eea  irregularly  and  inadequately  aiade. 

As  to  the  stylo  of  stroke  that  has  been  ,  aerally  pu^^d- 
a  long  reach  forward,  pulling  with  the  bac.  arms  stiff  or 
straight,  until  the  body  passes  a  perpendicular 

The  average  stroke  is  about  thirty-six  to  thirty-eight  per 

""The'canoe  boats  retain  their  momentum,  it  seems  longer 
than  the  shells.  All  boats,  previous  to  last  je",  have  re- 
quired a  coxswain,  but  we  have  with  us  now  a  boat  wi  hout 
coxswain,  the  "Queen,"  which  will  appear  in  our  next  Ko- 

^' We  are  anxiously  seeking  information  upon  the  point,  as 
to  whether  she  should  make  any  aUowance  to  the  boats  with 
Iswain.,  and  if  an  allowance  is  to  be  made,  how  the  same 
is  to  be  estimated,  and  upon  what  basis. 

As  to  the  etiquette  among  crews  meeting.  I  may  gladly 
«ay.  that  while  there  has  never  been  any  set  rules  reco^ized 
0  inown  of.  the  behavior  of  rowers  is  invariably  marked  by 
eourly  to' each  other.      To  halt  and  peak  the  oar.  h. 
,.een  practiced  somewhat  as  a  salute,  the  coxswain  hfting  b« 
hat.     It  has  been  sometimes  the  rule  to  peak  oars,  immedi- 
ately after  passing  the  terminal  buoys  in  a  race.   On  the  con- 
clusL  of  a  race,  it  is  considered  a  proper  compliment   to 
escort  the  winning  boat  to  her  resting  place.        ^    ,    ,  ^^   . 


.'liiiM>iiririirM« 


NCAN- 

blado.     At   to  dimcn- 

0  fourteen  feet — with 
wide  at  the  tip.  Only 
cd,  viz  :  last  year,  and 

fully  practiced,  though 
BHi  laid  '.'.owa  in  Stone- 
jquately  aiade. 
seen  y  lorally  pulled- 
he  bac  i,  arms  stiff  or 
)enflicular. 
jr-six  to  thirty-eight  per 

icntum,  it  seems,  longer 

s  to  last  year,  have  re- 

i  us  now  a  boat  without 

appear  in  our  next  Ko- 

,tion  upon  the  point,  as 
wance  to  the  boats  with 
,  be  made,  how  the  same 

asis. 

J  meeting,  I  may  gladly 

1  any  set  rules  recognized 
is  invariably  marked  by 
and  peak  the  oars,  has 

8,  the  coxswain  lifting  bis 
lie  to  peak  oars,  immedi- 
ys  in  a  race.  On  the  con- 
a  proper  compliment  to 
ng  place.         ,     ,    «.  ,.„,, 


KOWINO    UY    A.    M  C.    DUNCAN. 


170 


On  the  part  of  the  crew  of  a  boat  toward  its  coxswain,  full 
respect  is  maintained  and  a  cheerful  alacrity  displayed  in 
obedience  to  orders. 

Of  single  sculling,  wo  have  had  but  one  opportunity  of 
forming  an  opinion,  and  such  an  "impromptu  "  effort  as  was 
then  made,  to  Jevelop  this  very  interesting  and  benefiting 
branch  of  the  sport,  could  not  be  regarded  as  giving  any  sug- 
gestions as  to  the  style,  or  other  details. 


,Mtwgn»P^|.'.i»i  iJ^'JiTJa^T 


,■; 


J 


Training 


AMATEUR  AND  PROFESSIONAL. 


Ig 


ESSIONAL. 


I  ^■■finJ  |i|  -HUt^MtL. .^ ^ t. j»4)r^iuj>tf&WC«^ 


TRAINING. 


INTRODUCTORY  AND  HISTORICAL. 

Animals,  of  all  classes,  from  the  figliting  cock  up  to  man, 
lUo  liighcBt  type  of  the  physical  creation,  have  been,  for 
centuries,  systematiiially  schooled  and  trained  for  purposes 
of  rivalry  in  physical  contests  of  all  descriptions. 

The  game  cook,  from  having  been  originally  a  barn-yard 
fowl,  has,  by  the  system  of  breeding  and  training,  been 
transformed  into  a  feathered  pugilist,  the  sole  purpose  of 
whose  existence  is  to  peck  out  the  eyes  and  brains  of  as 
many  of  his  own  kind  as  possible,  for  the  profit  of  his 
owner,  until  ho  himself  shall  pay  the  inexorable  penalty  of 
the  pitcher  which  goes  too  often  to  the  well,  and  is  finally 
broken.  The  practice  of  bull  fighting,  in  which  one  of  the 
fiercest  and  most  implacable  of  brutes,  is  pitted  in  a  contest 
of  life  and  death  against  man,  is  of  great  antiquity,  and 
much  time  has  been  spent  in  speculating  and  commenting 
upon  the  moral  effects  of  such  exhibitions  as  bull-fights  upon 
people  who  engage  in  and  encourage  them.  Of  the  moral 
lessons  to  be  learned  from  such   exhibitions,  it  is  not  the 


TRAINING. 


188 


rOllICAL. 

ing  cock  up  to  man, 
in,  liavo  been,  for 
rained  for  purposes 
rlptions. 

ginally  a  Lam-yard 
and  training,  been 
the  sole  purpose  of 
i  and  brains  of  as 
r  the  profit  of  his 
ixorable  penalty  of 
well,  and  is  finally 
n  which  one  of  the 
is  pitted  in  a  contest 
;reat  antiquity,  and 
ig  and  commenting 
s  as  bull-fights  upon 
icm.  Of  the  moral 
tions,  it  is  not  the 


province  of  thin  Work  to  treat ;  but,  one  fact  becomes  patent 
to  the  most  prejudiced,  and  that  is  the  wonderful  courage, 
agility  and  endurance  displayed  by  the  man,  who  relics  solely 
on  his  muscular  strength,  steady  ncrvo  and  faultless 
sight. 

If  there  be  any  doubt  in  regard  to  the  morality  of  bull- 
fighting, there  is  certainly  none  respecting  that  of  rat  and 
dog  bating.  A  rat-pit  contest,  depraved  and  disgusting  as 
it  certainly  is,  yet  furnishes  another  instance  of  the  un- 
quenchable passion  of  men  for  witnessing  bloody  and  fero- 
cious exhibitions,  no  matter  at  the  expense  of  how  mucli 
physical  torture,  provided  only  there  is  blood  drawn  and 
life  lost  or  greatly  imperilled.  This  passion  for  destroying 
life  seems  to  be  the  cardinal  one  of  man's  nature,  and  one 
which  doubtless  he  will  never  overcome,  until  the  fulfilment 
of  that  prophecy  :  "Peace  on  earth,  good  will  to  men." 
We  are  told  that  the  civilization  of  to-day  docs  not  know 
the  wicked  institutions  of  the  "  dark  ages,"  but  there  is 
good  reason  to  believe  that  there  are  some  among  us  who, 
"having  eyes  see  not,  and  having  ears  hear  not;"  else, 
why  does  the  nineteenth  century  witness  the  spectacle  of  two 
millions  of  men  engaged  in  the  work  of  human  slaugliter  ? 

Training,  or  exercise  and  regimen  was  resorted  to,  origin- 
ally, we  have  reason  to  believe,  for  the  preservation  of  health 
among  mankind  and  the  removal  of  disease.  Physiologists 
now  know,  as  they  have  known  for  centuries,  that  the  human 
body  is  composed  of  solids  and  liquids,  which  are  successively 
abSQrbed  and  deposited.  A  continuous  renovation  is  the  con- 
sequence of  this  physical  law,  and  the  nature  of  this  reno- 
vation, as  a  matter  of  course,  will  depend  upon  the  nature  of 
our  food  and  general  habits.  -  «  ^        sa    'a     >  .; 


184 


TIIAININU. 


If  this  absorption  and  renovation  is  iuipuded,  ill  l.oaltli  on- 
.uc,  in  obedience  to  tl.e  law  of  cause  and  effo.=t.  and  it  Ims 
always  bct-n  found  that  no  medicinal  or  other  agent  u  «o 
effectual  a  promoter  of  Lcalthy  absorption  and  socrotion  as 

exercise,  judiciously  taken. 

Health,  strengthand  activity,  both  bodily  and  mental,  are  ni- 

vuriably  the  accon.panimontB  of  a  course  of  physical  training. 
It  may  bo  said  that  training  i«  not  resorted  to  at  the  pre- 
sent  day  as  a  means  for  overcoming  disease,  and  although  T 
admit  the  truth  of  the  assertion,  it  does  not  disprove  my  state- 

ment. 

There  arc  two  reasons  why  physicnl  exercise  is  not  resort- 
ed to  by  a  great  many  persons  afflicted  with  disease,  and  thoeo 
particularly  of  bilious  and  rheumatic  natures.  One  is  that 
although  the  name  of  the  diseased  is  legion,  the  doctors  of 
physic  and  the  "  pscudo"  M.  D's.  are,  numerically  speaking, 
especially  the  latter  class,  by  no  means  insignificant,  and  the 
competition  for  trade  is  immense. 

The  stomach  of  a  patient,  to  most  of  that  elass  of  the  com- 
munity who  style  themselves  doctors,  always  acts  as  a  medium 
by  which  the  doctor  conveys  nauseous  medicines  into  the  sys- 
tem of  the  patient  and  filthy  lucre  into  his  own  pocket.  In  a 
majority  of  cases,  the  much  abused  stomach  presents  too  great 
a  temptation  as  the  vehicle  for  conveying  benefit  (?)  to  both 
parties  to  he  resisted,  and  the  patient,  whUe  being  informed 
that  in  olden  times  he  would  have  been  bled  (which  would 
perhaps  have  cost  him  a  shiUing)  for  the  same  complaint  from 
which  he  is  being  releived  in  so  agreeable  a  manner,  scarcely 
reflects  that  he  is  being  <'  hied  "  now,  although,  in  a  different 
way,  much  more  profusely. 

It  is  not  politic,  then,  for  doctors  to  prescribe  pure  air  and 


c 
r 
t 
d 
a 

a 

P 

m 


Hied,  ill  l.oaltli  on- 

(l  effect,  and  it  Ims 

other  agent  is  bo 

II  and  eecrotion  a» 

and  mental,  are  in- 
,f  physical  training, 
rtcd  to  at  the  pro- 
jae,  and  although  I 
t  disprove  my  stato- 

[crcise  is  not  reaort- 
,h  disease,  and  thoBO 
turos.  One  is  that 
gion,  the  doctors  of 
imerically  speaking, 
tsignificant,  and  the 

lat  class  of  the  com- 
lys  acts  as  a  medium 
idioines  into  the  sys- 
B  own  pocket.  In  a 
ch  presents  too  great 
I  benefit  (?)  to  both 
while  being  informed 
n  bled  (which  would 
same  complaint  from 
le  a  manner,  scarcely 
though,  in  a  different 


irescribe  pure  air  and 


TIlAINlNii 


185 


cxerLiMts    which   c.wt    nothing,   in  pn-feronco   to  adulterated 
decoctions,  which  will  serve  to  keep  the  patienta'  s^at.nnin  a 
disturbed  condition,  and  make  a  protitublo  ea.so  for  the  physi- 
cian     The  distaste  of  the  pill-BWiilhn.'ing  (tonununity  of  the 
present  day,  to  the  gigantic  bolussos  made  use  of  by  the  most 
ancient  of  the    "  pathios,"  and  their  evident  pnf.-renee  for 
uiediiiiie,  in  some  shape,  to  exercise  and  training,     ^  a  moans 
fur  procuring  freedom  from  their  complaints,  lias  developed  a 
new  "  pathy,  or  school  of  medicine.     The  intinifesninial  doses 
of  this  school  are  always  agreeable  to  the  palate,  and  are  ea.si- 
ly  taken,  and  are  said  to  be  infallible  for  euro,   where  cure  is 
possible. 

ft  is  no  wonder  then,  tliat  when  immunity  from  disease 
can  be  purchased  at  so  trifling  a  personal  inconvenience  a.s 
the  swallowing  of  a  few  sugar  pellets,  a  large  majority  of  the 
community  should  .refer  that  method  to  physical  training 
which  necessitates  regular  hours  for  eating  and  sleeping, 
temperate  habits  and  cleanliness. 

If  one  whose  habits  are  gross  can  be  cured  of  an  indispo- 
sition by  taking  a  little   medicine,  while  at  the   same   time 
he  is  permitted  to  gluttonize  to  his  fullest   desires,  it   is 
scarcely  to  be  doubted  that  he  will  prefer  taking  that  medi- 
cine, rather  than  to  adopt  a  course  of  treatment  which  would 
require  him  to  moderate  his  appetite.     It  is  in  those  reflec- 
tions that  we  can  find  an  explanation  to  the  question  :     Why 
do   not   people    take   more  pure  air   and   bodily   exercise 
and  less  of  the  doctors'  medicine  ?     But,    if  mountebank 
physicians  are   to  be  accused   of  criminality  in  the  manner 
above  referred  to,  what  is  to  be  said   of  the  thousands  of 
patent  medicine  venders  who  enter  into  the  manufacture  of 
medicinal    cure-all.    or     rather    kill-all    poisons,    on    such 


pi; 
*■: 


•«.«'««»ii»»-"»nlM^^ 


If 


IHO 


TRAININO, 


a   ,-.g,.nlic   ..1.-  an   .0  ..e  on  every  Me  .n  all  largo  eU.OB? 
Th.  i.nn.cnHe  fortunes  anmsHed  by  tlu-^o  tr.ffickerH   .n  the 
.,.iHf..rtuneH  of  .nankina.  in  nufficient  oviden.o  ^.f  the   n.n\. 
,.,,on  whi.h  U.ey  carry  on  their  nefariouB  bu«;  m.k.  ami  > 
JatiBticB  couM  1.0  procure.1.  showing  the  amount  ot  what .. 
tern.e.l  patent  medicine  that  \n   annually  eonsumeJ  m  .ho 
United  StateB.  it  would  preBont  a  frightful  .peetuelo,  eBpeual- 
ly  when  we  reflect  upon  what   iB   certainly  v-ry  probable 
to-wit :  that  in  nine  eases  out  ..f  ten,  the«c  very  agents  wh.eh 
arc  given  and  taken  as  euros  for  diBoase.  really  produce  and 
uttgravate  disease.      Until  the  (Jovcrn.uent  refuses  to  frrant 
licenseB  to  persons  engaged   in  such   enten.nse.,   bowe.er. 
there  i»  likely  to  be  an  increase  of  the  trafi^r,  rriher  than 

a  diminution  of  it^  „.n„"  ia  ., 

That  portion  of  the  community  styled  "  gulUblo  is  .1 
very  large  one.  and  any  person  happening  to  bo  "out  of 
HortB"  that  sees  bis  or  her,  identical  ca«e described  m  every 
paper  and  magazine  ;-a  long  list  of  symptoms.  w,th  a  fear- 
ful warning  of  what  ••  may  "  be  the  result  of  delay,  can  scarce- 
ly be  blamed  for  snapping  at  tho  bait  and  purehas.ng  just 
L  bottle  upon  the  wrapper  of  which  he  learns  that  from 
„ight  to  ten  bottles  will  be  needed  to  elfeet  a  cure,  and  certifi- 
(.atoP  are  attached  as  proof  of  this  Btatcment. 

Tt  is  being  80  continually  dinned  into  our  ears  that  no  age 
has  been  so  prolific  as  tho  present,  in  wonderful  discovenes 
and  inventions,  that  one  cannot  wonder  much  at  people  be- 
licving  that  medicinal  compounds  can  bo  prepared  m  vats  full. 
poBBOSsing  curative  properties  for  diseases  of  all  kinds,  no  mat- 
tor   what   the   dissimilarity   of  circumstances  that   environ 

them.  '  '  ,         c  1 

Bodily  exercise  in  America,  amongst  the  class  of  popula 


le  ill  nil  largo  clticH  ? 
so  trMfSckerH   in  the 
ndcn.'t'    "f  tho   fic'tlc 
iouB  l)u»i  )i  .''fi.  in'l  '* 
he  niiKHint  'A  what  ii 
illy  cdnsumcJ  iu  tho 
t'ul  sppctiiclo,  espoilal- 
tniiily  very  probable, 
two  very  agents  which 
10,  really  produce  and 
iiuent  rcfusoB  to  {rrant 
eritcviuisoa,   bowercr, 
he  traffic,  rr.ther  than 

tylud  "  gullible "  is  a 
pcning  to  bo  "out  of 
case  described  in  every 
ymptoms,  with  a  fear- 
lult  of  delay,  can  scarco- 
it  and  purchasing  just 
h  he  learns  that  from 
licet  a  ciiro,  and  certifi- 
tement. 

nto  our  ears  that  no  ago 
n  wonderful  discoveries 
ider  much  at  people  bc- 
be  prepared  in  vats  full, 
eases  of  all  kinds,  no  mat- 
nmstances  that   environ 


mi  the  class  of  popula 


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THAINING 


187 


tion  which  has  been  styled  ' '  well-to-do, ' '  suffers  greater  neglect 
than  in  any  other  country  in  the  world.  This  is  not  by  any 
means  to  be  attributed  altogether  to  laziness,  as  the  "push  " 
and  "snap  "  of  Americans  is  proverbial  the  world  over;  but 
the  passion  for  wealth  has  become  so  universal  and  wide 
spread,  pervading  all  classes,  ages,  and  sexes  alike,  that  the 
considerations  of  health,  and  it  might  also  be  said,  of  spiritual 
happinesp.  are  made  secondary  to  the  attainment  of  riclies. 
But  this  passion  is  inherent  in  man,  and  like  many  others, 
only  requires  the  necessary  exciting  causes  to  devclope  it. 

America  supplies  these  causes  to  a  greater  extent  than 
any  foreigner  can  imagine.  Enterprises  of  all  magnitudes  are 
forever  being  undertaken,  and  to  the  credit  of  the  American 
people  be  it  said,  are  usually  successfully  accomplished. 

So  far,  it  has  been  all  work  in  this  country,  but  every 
day  brings  "  spare  hours  "  to  a  larger  portion  of  the  popu- 
lation, and  the  preachers  of  the  doctrine,  "cleanliness  is  next 
to  Godliness."  are  multiplying  in  our  midst.  Uodily  and 
mental  strength  and  vigor  among  the  ancients  seem  to  have 
been  the  stepping  stone  to  prominence  and  distinction.  And 
the  proof  of  the  one  always  lent  greater  force  to  the  claims  of 
the  other.  It  is  stated  that  Herodicus  was  among  the  first 
to  apply  gymnastics  and  other  exercises  to  the  cure  of  dis- 
ease, and  CelsuB  says  that  Asclepiades  so  radically  adhered 
to  this  doctrine  of  expelling  disease  and  preserving  health, 
by  means  of  muscular  exercise  and  regimen,  as  to  have  al- 
most entirely  abolished  medicinal  compounds  from  his  prac- 
tice. He  advocated  and  invented  several  systems  of  gesta- 
tion for  health,  which  became  very  popular  among  tlie 
Romans,  and  while  still  quite  young,  he  publicly  declared 
that  he  would  renounce  all  claim  to   the   title   of  physician, 


i  !■ 


^mmimmmmiiMm^ms^^-" 


-gg  TKAININQ. 

Hhould  he  ever  be  attacked  by  disease  or  f^}^^\^^'2 
.ge.     This  boast,  rash  though  it  was,  -f  .^^^f  7°"\"J. 
fulfilled,  as  his  death  was  caused  by  a  fall  m  about  b.B  h«n 
Sh    ear.     Physically,  he  was  a  type  of  por^-t  -nh^^^; 
as  well  as  a  living  example  of  his  own  ^y^^^'  J^^^^" 
body  is  a  machine,  which  it  requires  more  mce  care  Jo  ke  P 
in  order  than  any  of  the  vast  numbers  subsidiary  to  M.  wd 
and  power,  and  a  "loose  screw  "  in  it  will  tel    as  sure^  and 
as  quickly  as  in  any  other.     All  the  different  parts  o    the 
body  are  in  communication  with  each  other,   either  directly 
or  through  a  common  medium.     To  keep  the  body  m  good 
condition,  each  seperate  portion  of  it   must  be  kept   m  a 
healthy  state,  and  this  can  only  be  done  by  -^''W.sb.ng  and 
maintaining  a  healthy  vital  force,  whose  action   will  affect 
alike  muscles,  bones,  lungs  and  nerves. 

Exercise,  of  necessity,  strengthens   every  portion   of  the 
body   whether  of  the  inteUeetual,  locomotive,  or  vital  system. 
In  regard  to  the  first  of  these,  the  intellectual  syatem.   Sir 
J    Sinclair   observes  that  physical  training  improves  the 
mental  faculties,  doubtless,  by  facilitating  digestion    giymg 
tone  to  the  stomach  and  ready  perception  to  the  mind.     Ihat 
the  locomotive  system  is  greatly  benefitted,  it  wiU  require  no 
argument  at  all  to  prove,  as  every  one  has  evidence  of  thwmhis 
own  person.     The  vital  system  must  be  benefitted  by  train- 
ing, as  bottom  or  wind,  is  the  main  stay  of  the  system,  with- 
out which  muscle  would  accomplish  but  little. 

A  man  in  training  always  draws  a  longer  breath,  and  can 
retain  it  much  longer  than  when  out  of  condition. 

The  principles  of  training  are  not  very  numerous,  and  the 
rules  are  not  at  all  difficult  to  foUow.  In  the  first  place,  the 
bowels  are  evacuated,  by  which  means  the  stomach  and  intes- 


^1 


TUAININfl. 


189 


dio  but  of  oxtremo 
id  blasphemous,  was 
il  in  about  his  hun- 
of  perfect  manhood, 
lyatem.     The  human 
•e  nice  care  to  keep 
lubsidiary  to  its  will 
ill  tell,  as  surely  and 
fferent  parts  of  the 
ther,   either  directly 
p  the  body  in  good 
must  be  kept   in  a 
e  by  establishing  and 
ose  action   will  afifect 

every  portion   of  the 
otive,  or  vital  system, 
tellectual  system,   Sir 
raining  improves  the 
ting  digestion,    giving 
on  to  the  mind.     That 
tted,  it  will  require  no 
m  evidence  of  this  in  his 
)e  benefitted  by  train- 
ly  of  the  system,  with- 
ut  little. 

longer  breath,  and  can 
f  condition. 

rery  numerous,  and  the 

In  the  first  place,  the 

}  the  stomach  and  intes- 


tines are  purged  of  all  impurities.     In  the  second  place,  the 
deleterious  excressenccs,  such  as  boils  and  all  humors  of  this 
description,  are  carried  off  by  the  process  of  sweating.     In 
the  third  place,  the  daily  run  and  gymnastic  exercises  improve 
the  respiration,  while  the  diet  and  sJeep,  regulated  properly, 
develop  and  maintain  the  strength  of  the  entire  body.     The 
art  of  training  was  known  to  the  ancients  centuries  ago,  and 
practiced  by  them  to  an  extent  that  would  doubtless  surprise 
many  of  our  present  day  progressive  people,  who,  though  they 
solemnly  avow  their  belief  in  all  that  the  Bible  teaches,  yet  go 
so  far  as  to  doubt  what  Solomon  says  is  a  fact,  that  "  there 
is  nothing  new  under  the  sun. "     The  athleta)"  of  Greece,  who 
contended  for  the  honors  in  the  public  games,  usually  under- 
went a  ten  months'  preparatory  training.     They  were  com- 
pelled to  abstain  from  the  use  of  liquor  and  to  cease  all  vic- 
ious indulgences. 

The  distinction  and  notoriety,  connected  with  excellence 
in  the  exercise  of  the  palaestra  were  probably  the  causes 
which  operated  to  lower  it  from  the  rank  of  a  liberal  art  to 
that  of  a  degraded  profession,  which  was  embraced  only  by 
the  lowest  class  of  men  ;  the  same  kind  as  those  of  the  pre- 
sent day,  who  fight  for  the  championship  of  the  prize  ring. 
The  combatants,  however,  then  as  now,  were  splendid  speci- 
mens of  physical  beauty,  and  were  regularly  trained  for 
their  contests. 

The  athletao  were  subjected  to  the  evacuating  process, 
which  a  majority  of  them  preferred  to  purging,  and  in  the 
early  stages  of  training,  their  diet  consisted  of  boiled  grain, 
new  cheese,  and  dried  figs. 

After  subsisting  for  a  time  upon  these  articles,  animal  food 
—most  always  pork,  was  added  to  them.     The  fact  that 


■I 


lil^' 


190 


TKAININO. 


this  food  was  found  to  increase  their  bodily  vigor.  i«  ovidonecd 
by  Galon,  who  say.,  that  if  they  lived  but  for  a  s.nglo  day 
upon  any  other  kind  of  food,  their  strength  was  mamfest ly 
i„paired  upon  the  day  following.     Modern  trainers  djffer  w.th 
aneient  ones,  to  the  extent  of  rejeeting  itfof  her  fr^ 
their  articles  of  diet,  as  experience  has  proved  to  them  that  U 
is  almost  the  worst  animal  food  they  could  use.     But  if  they 
differ  in  regard  to  the  character  of  the  meat  used,  they  agree 
as  to  the  manner  of  preparing  it.    Roast  or  broiled  are  about 
the  only  ways  of  preparing  meat  for  men  in  training,  at  pre- 
sent, as  they  were  then,  and  unfermented  bread  is  preferred 
to  that  prepared  by  leaven. 

Water  was  not  allowed  but  iu  small  quantities,  and  even 
now.  many  trainers  restrict  their  men  to  a  certain  quantity 
of  liquid,  though  this  system  is  pernicious,  and.  I  am  happy 
to  say.  is  fast  losing  ground,  in  favor  of  a  more  liberal  and 

beneficial  one. 

The  principal  schools  of  the  athletse  were  at  Capua  and 
Ravenna,  in  Italy,  places  noted  for  the  purity  and  healthful- 
ness  of  their  atmospheres-as  pure  air  was  considered  by 
the  ancients  a  chief  requisite  of  health,  though  modern  teach- 
ers and  law-makers,  seem  to  entertain  an  opposite  theory. 
They  exercised  mostly  in  the  open  air,  thereby  becoming  ac- 
customed to  aU  the  changes  and  vicissitudes  of  the  weather, 
which  soon  ceased  to  trouble  them,  and  also  served  to  toughen 
their  skins,  a  quality  peculairly  necessary  to  them,   but 
which  is  not  essential  to  a  well-trained  oarsman  of  the  pre- 
sent day. 

Occasional  flogging  was  also  resorted  to.  to  teat  their  powers 
of  endurance,  and  to  enable  them  to  bear  with  patience, 
bodily  pain  and  suffering.     As  considerabie   blood  was  usu- 


c 
t 

n 
n 

q 

di 


m 

01 

In 
fei 
fa< 


y  vigor,  is  ovidonccd 
Dut  for  a  single  day 
ngth  was  manifestly 
rn  trainers  differ  with 
g  it  altogether  from 
roved  to  them  that  it 
dd  use.     But  if  they 
neat  used,  they  agree 
t  or  broiled  are  about 
n  in  training,  at  pre- 
ed  bread  is  preferred 

quantities,  and  even 
to  a  certain  quantity 
0U8,  and,  I  am  happy 
)f  a  more  liberal  and 

»  were  at  Capua  and 
I  purity  and  healthful- 
air  was  considered  by 
,  though  modern  teaoh- 
lin  an  opposite  theory. 
r,.  thereby  becoming  ac- 
itudes  of  the  weather, 
I  also  served  to  toughen 
loessary  to  them,  but 
id  oarsman  of  the  pre- 

i  to,  to  teat  their  powers 
,0  bear  with  patience, 
lerable   blood  was  usu- 


TIIAIM.N,).  jQj 

lk..r  fat  ™,  „„tri,i„„,  „„,,  „r„„gfc„i„g.  '     ""•'" 

Upon  the  ooLclusion  „f  il,<,i,  „„.i  j„i| 

«nl.l  t  glowed,  anJ  tWn  .„„„i„,ed  „i.u  „;,.     jf,,,;,,,  ,™ 
«xpe„.„ocd,  .  .„.,,  ,„.„„.    „f  „„„  ■    •- 

Th.pr,„ipal„„,,.„„.eaed.hi,tat  .t  .1,.  aZZt 
^y.  .nd  ,.,  .ucoedcd  1,,  a  «.^„  .f  „,.  „,„„  ft.  ,„„„„ 

z:rzj"°,  """.''"'^  ~  »*  '-"«■'  •»  -I 

sionalJy,  and  then  always  in  the  morning 

It  was  supposed  that  bodily  vigor  was  g,  e.tly  increased  by 
sleep,  and  t  e  candidate  was  permitted  to  sleep   as  many 
hour,  as  he  chose.     The  method  of  training   among  tbTaT 
c|.nts  was  fuUy  as  strict,  and.  indeed,  more  so.  thfn  t  at  ^ 
the  present  day.  and  the  difference  in  the  kind  of  food    „d 
reg.men.  partly  owing  to  t.e  difference  in  climate  and  man 
ner  of  hvmg.    but   mostly  to   the  fact   that  the  physical 
quaht,es  and  characteristics  of  an  ancient  athlete  we're    e" 
d  fferent  .„  nature  from  those  of  a  man  in  training  at     ho 
present  day.  for  rowl.g  or  other  similar  contest. 

The  extent  to  wUch  the  physical  capabilities  of  a  man 
™ay  be  developed  b,  training  is  simply  .ondorful.  and  Tf 
only  a  theory  would  scarcely  be  credited,  but  every  one 
has  seen  u  practically  demonstrated  i„  the  daring  feats  of  pro. 
Wna  gymnasts  and  prize  fighters.  It  is  an'indisplbt 
fact,  that  by  emptying  the  cellular  substance,  e.tenuatbg  the 


19'i 


THAI  NINO. 


.t  ,l,c  ..r,  or  in  a  pcdctri.n  ""';"  j^^j  ,,j 

forty  r«"  »8«  ;  ^^'fXa,  „dW.«d,ing  ...foU^cd 
chief  aullionty  of  tU»  I>c™"'  According    to    kU 

ky  both  prof...ion.l.  and  "«  /;;;'^  J.„,„.Uc 
Jcthod,  the  candidate,  '<''»"'.'"'"'"  J/; '/ '"„  c„>„.c 
condi^on,  entered  «„on  ^  "72:"'o,Ucr-.  .al.awa, 

generally  prcfcrrcil,  ami  iroi  ^ 

l,c..cen  -  /»-     f^  „X,    licU  L,  graduai,,  in- 
hc  eemn.cnced  regular  ^^  j^_^.^. 

c„„ed  fro.  U.  P™»ry  -  '    J-„,„,\,„  ,,  ..nal.y 

Zr:y:::"™nin:e.erci»e.o*ce..en..f 

«.„ty  or  .„„.y-.o„r  *.  eve,7  d-y^     ^^^^^^  _.^„  ^  ,.„ 
The  party  »a,  obi  gcd  '<>      «  „n  ,1^ 

„,ilc  .p-lnll  at  the  top  of  In.  apced,  an 
■1„.  at  a  nioderate  pace,  coming  in  at  about  I  >n 

:^":!i:l.i»t«l  ot  beefsteak,  or  mutton-chop,  under- 


1 

s 

t 
T 

r 
o 

0 

P 
a 


iiproving  the  bot- 
ert  himself  to  his 
ither  in  tho  ring, 

ining  practiced  by 
he  method  pursued 
Uarchiy  was  tho 
iching  vras  followed 
According    to    his 

I  to  be  in  tolerable 
th  a  regular  course 

Glaubers  salts  was 

and  a   half  to  two 

terval   of  four  days 

c  physicing  process, 

II  vfas  gradually  in- 
r  stages  of  training, 
uism,  and  he  usually 
le  to    the    extent   of 

)  o'clock,  run  a  half 
and   then  walk  six 
It  about  7  to   break- 
mutton-chops  under- 

walk  of  six  miles,  at 
n  without  his  clothes 
lie  walked  four  miles, 
which  was  beef-steaks 
,  as  at  breakfast.  Im- 
half  a  mile,  at  the  top 


TRAININCI. 


If);} 


of  his  speed,  and  walk  six  miles  at  a  moderate  pace.  This 
concluded  the  dally  oxereiso,  and  bed  was  taken  at  about  8 
o'clock.  Animal  diet  alone  was  prescribed,  and  beef  and 
mutton  were  preferred  ;  all  fat  and  greasy  substances  were 
prohibited,  as  likely  to  Induce  bile,  and  consequently  injure 
tlie  stomacii.  Lean  meat  was  generally  made  use  of,  be- 
cause it  contains  more  nourishment  than  fat,  and  fresli  meat 
was  preferred  to  salted.  All  spices  and  seasonings,  with  the 
exception  of  vinegar,  were  prohibited.  Tho  lean  of  fat  beef- 
steaks, rather  under-done,  and  accompanied  with  a  very  little 
salt,  is  recommended.  Mutton  being  reckoned  easy  of  digestion, 
was  permitted  occasionaly  to  vary  the  diet,  and  the  legs  of 
fowls  were  also  esteemed. 

Broiling  was  tho  usual  mode  of  preparing  meat  as  the  train- 
ers understood  that  the  nutritive  qualities  were  then  better 
preserved  than  by  roasting  or  boiling.  Biscuit  and  stale 
bread  were  the  only  preparations  of  vegetable  matter  allow- 
ed, and  everything  likely  to  induce  flatulency  was  carefully 
avoided.  The  quantity  of  aliment  was  not  generally  limited 
by  tho  trainer,  but  was  left  to  tho  discretion  of  the  party 
himself,  whoso  appetite  was  supposed  to  guide  him  in  this  re- 
spect. 

Liquor  was,  and  is  to-day,  invariably  made  use  of  by  English 
trainers,  and  old  homo-browed  beer  taken  cold  was  perferred. 
For  those  who  objected  to  malt  liquors,  about  one-half  pint 
red  wine  after  dinner  was  allowed.  It  was  required  -that 
only  tho  very  smallest  quantity  of  liquid  should  be  made  use 
of 

After  continuing  this  course  for  about  four  weeks,  the 
party  took  a  four-mile  sweat,  by  running  four  miles  in  flannel 
at  the  top  of  his  speed.     Immediately   upon   returning,  one 


J0^  TIIAININU. 

pint  of  hot  li.iuor  wna  taken,  to  promotu  j,ur«i.initi<-n.     Tliin 
compound  cinbraceJ  one  ounce   of   caraway  ^oe.l,    an  half 
ounce  of  coriander  seed,  one  ounce   of  li.iuorice   root,  Imlt 
an  ounce  of  sugar  candy,  mixed  with  two  bottles  of  cider, 
and  boiled  down  to  one  half.     He  was  then  put  to   bod  in 
his  flannels,  and  being  covered   with  six   or  eight   pair  of 
blankets   and  a   feather    bed.    was  allowed  to  remain   for 
twenty-five  or  thirty  minutes,  when  he  was  taken  out  ond 
fubbed  perfectly  dry.    Ho  was  then  wrapt  in  his  great  coat,  and 
ordered  to  take  a  two-mile  walk,  at  a  gentle  pace,  returning  to 
breakfast,  which,  on  such  occasions,  consisted  of  a  roast 
fowl.     After  this  he  proceeded  with  his  usual  exercise. 

These  sweats  were  continued  weekly,  till  within  a  few 
days  of  his  contest,  or,  in  other  words,  ho  was  subjected  to 
throe  or  four  of  these  operations.     If  the  stomach  was  foul, 
an  emetic  or  two  was  given  about  a  week  before  the  conclu- 
sion of  the  training,  and  he  was  then  supposed  to  be  in  the 
highest  condition.     Besides   his  ususal  exercise,    the  party 
was  advised  and  encouraged  to  employ  himself  in   the  in- 
tervals, in  every  kind  of  exertion  that  tended  to  activity, 
such  as  golf,  cricket,  bowling,  throwing  quoits,  etc.,  so  that 
during  the  whole  day,  both  body  and  mind  were  constantly 

occupied. 

Groat  changes  have  taken  place  in  the  method  of  training 
since  that  time,  and,  indeed,  within  the  last  ten  years.  Al- 
though the  exercise  is  not  less  severe  now  than  then,  the 
diet  is  much  more  liberal  and  altogether  more  christian  in 
character. 


I 


jiiirf-iiinitioii.     Tint* 
wuy  Koeil,    nil  half 
liiiuorice   root,  linlt' 
vo  bottles  of  cider, 
lion  put  to   bod   in 
X,   or  ciglit   pair  of 
wed  to  remain   for 
was  taken  out  and 
in  bis  groat  coat,  and 
le  pace,  returning  to 
onsisted  of  a  roast 
usual  exercise. 
Y,  till  within   a  few 

bo  was  subjected  to 
he  stomach  was  fonl, 
sk  before  the  conclu- 
upposed  to  be  in  the 

exercise,  the  party 
y  himself  in  the  in- 
;  tended  to  activity, 
I  quoits,  etc.,  so  that 
mind  were  constantly 

he  method  of  training 

8  last  ten  years.      Al- 

now  than  then,  the 

her  more  christian   in 


PRACTICAL  TRAINING. 


Lifting  weights  and  swinging  clubs,  ' 

There's  lots  of  that  to  do  ; 
And  pulling  large  and  heavy  boats, 

Is  part  of  training  too. 
So  when  you've  done  your  morning  run, 

The  day  wears  on  apace, 
And  when  evening  comes,  your  rowing, 

Preparing  for  the  race.  —a.  b.  j. 


The  subject  of  practical  training  will  now  be  taken  up, 
and  its  relations  to  different  classes  of  individuals,  fully  dis- 
cussed, in  order  th'  ,t  trainers  may  bo  enabled  to  classify  their 
men  according  to  their  physical  conditions.  A  trainer  is, 
oftentimes,  called  upon  to  take  charge  of  and  prepare  for  a 
race,  a  crew,  of  whose  previous  history  and  personal  habits, 
he  knows  nothing;  and  ho  is  usually  expected  to  put 
them  in  the  best  of  condition,  within  the  space  of  a  few 
short  weeks.     It  bchoovos  a  man  who  undertakes  the  care  of 


■| 


« 


.■.i9«0»Si^i*U£^^ 


VM\ 


TUAININO. 


a  iTi'W,  in  tlll^•  iinimuT,  if  liodcHin-H  to  nuiiiitaiu  his  rq.uta- 
*,ion,  to  i.uiuiro  into  ami  nscortnin.  ..s  fnr  as  poHBihlo.  what 
,hc  previous  lial.its  of  cn.l.  un.l  every  ean.U.lnte  have  been, 
an.l  to  luiprcKH  him  with  the  importance  of  his  position  and 
tlio  Uiffieultics  likely  to  beset  him. 

A  course  of  training,  to  prove  really  beneficial,  must  bo  ac- 
cepted as  a  pleasant  task,  and  not  ns  a  disagreeable  piece  of 
work,  which  is  compulsory  and  not  at  all  desirable.  ISeforo 
....mmencing,  every  man  shoul.l  be  made  to  undergo  a  thorough 
physical  examination,  in  order  that  any  unsoundness  may  bo 
.letected,  as  none  but  perfectly  healthy  men  should  ever  bo 
selected  to  undergo  a  vigorous  course  of  training. 

Tho  object  of  training  is  to  strengthen  and  utilize  every 
portion  of  "the  frame,  in  order  that  the  body  may  put  forth  its 
utmost  power,  in  a  long  continued  effort  (such  as  would  bo 
impossible  to  a  man  in  ordinary  condition)  without  feeling 
any  injurious  effects.     A  boat's  crew,  in  good  condition,  can 
pull  a  five  or  six-mile  race,  exhaust  almost  every  particle  of 
muscular  strength,  come  homo  blinded  from  congestion,  and 
yet  incur  no  danger  of  serious  consequences,  whatever ;  and, 
in  a  majority  of  cases,  a  few  moment's  rest  will  enable  them 
to  repeat  tho  effort.     Grit,  when  it  constitutes  one  of  tho 
eharactcristics  of  a  well-trained  man,  will  usually  ensure  suc- 
cess  at  the    oar,  but   unless  accompanied  by  good  condi- 
tion, it  is  likely  to  prove  a  misfortune  to  its  possesor,   if 
pushed  in  a  hard  race.     The  excitement  consequent  to  a  boat 
race,  taken  in  connection  with  the  "warmed  up  "feeling 
that' comes  over  a  man,  arc  agents  that  will  cause  him  to 
over-exert  himself,   without  realizing  it,  at  the  time,  if  not 

well  trained. 

A   good  many   men  have    doubtless   injured   themselves 


[liiitain  his  rt'i>uta- 

Qg  jioHBihlo,  what 

(liilnte  Imvo  ))i!en, 

if  his  position  and 

loficial,  niuHt  bo  nc- 
sngrocalilo  ])it;oc  of 

ilcsirablc.     IScforo 

undergo  a  thorougli 

iisoundness  may  bo 

icn  should  over  bo 

raining. 

n  and  utilize  every 

ly  may  put  forth  its 

(such  as  would  bo 
)n)  without  feeling 
good  condition,  can 
St  every  particle  of 
rom  congestion,  and 
iccs,  whatever ;  and, 
•est  will  enable  them 
istitutes  one  of  tho 
1  usually  ensure  suc- 
licd  by  good  condi- 
)  to  its  possesor,   if 
consequent  to  a  boat 
warmed  up"  feeling 
tt  will  cause  him  to 
,  at  the  time,  if  not 

<   injured   themselves 


TIlAINl.Nii. 


I!l7 


by  undertaking  feats  of  phyNieal  strength,  \„>\uml  tliuir  al)ility 
to  perform,  and  it  would  bo  fur  better  to  sacrifleo  tlie 
honor  that  accompanies  success,  tliun  to  sacrifice  ono'n  health 
ill  attempting  to  attain  it,   if  either  is  necessary. 

It  is  claimed  liy  sonio  oarsmen,  tliat  ii  nuiii  wiio  is  "in 
good  health,"  and  about  to  undergo  a  course  of  training, 
does  not  require  any  medicinal  treatment  ut  all,  and  not 
very  strict  regulations  as  to  diet  and  exorcise. 

With  all  such,  however,  1  beg,  most  uncompromisingly, 
to  differ,  for  several  reasons.  In  tho  first  place,  tho  class 
designated  by  them  as  being  in  good  health,  embraces  all 
those  who  uro  not  confined  by  sickness,  wiiich  is  far  from 
being  tho  ease,  as  a  man  miglit  carry  impure  blood  in  Lis 
veins  for  a  lifetime,  and  never  bo  sick.  In  tlio  second 
place,  as  to  strictness  of  diet  and  regimen  ;  abundance  of 
muscle,  great  breathing  capacity  or  lung  power,  pure  blood, 
«nd  solid  flesh,  are  indispensable  requisites  to  a  well  trained 
man.  These  are  obtained  by  a  suflicioncy— not  a  super- 
abundance—of  sleep,  pure  air  and  water,  good  nutritious 
food  and  regular  exercise  ;  and  by  those  agents  only. 

Only  certain  kinds  of  food  and  certain  liquids  can  be 
made  use  of  for  training  purposes  with  advantage,  and  if 
these  are  discarded,  and  every  man  is  permitted  to  tickle  his 
own  palate,  it  is  diflScult  to  discover  how  good  condition  is 
to  be  attained.  We  will  suppose,  then,  that  a  crew  of 
sound  men  have  been  selected  to  undergo  a  course  of  train- 
ing, and  explain  the  manner  of  preparing  them  according  to 
their  respective  conditions  at  the  time  of  such  selection. 

There  will  not  be  one  man  in  a  hundred,  .probably,  who  has 
not  been,  up  to  that  date,  a  pretty  constant  smoker,  orchewer, 
or  drinker ;  very  likely  both  of  these,  very  probably  all  three. 


■ 


HI 


m 


vfiSBpri.iBiramMiiiBiiiiWii^irisiKsj-Jaisagiaaiiitawii^s 


198 


TKAININO. 


Those  cccses.  have,  p.rhaps.  heen  indulged  by  .en  je 
ofwho^leadsedentary  lives,  .hileothersareengag^^^^^^^^^^ 
buBines..     The  prospeet  of  forcing  one  of  a  rae.ng  c  ew  v,m 
usually  exert  a  very  benefieial  effect  upon  a  man;  strength 
usually  extrt  j  practices,  and 

en  bis  detcmination  to  discard    his  vicious   p 
buov  him  up  for  the  work  he  has  m  hand.     And  the  diffi 
Ity     listing  the  temptations  which  on  every  s^e  bes  t 
hi.   is  fully  as  great  as  that  of  performing  his  c  ewjo  k- 
The  mode  of  treating  a  man  who  is  run  down  by  e^osc  ap 
plication  to  business,  in   conjunction.   P-'-P«;  J^^^/^ 
Ling,  is  somewhat  different  from  that  '^^^^^^Y^'^.  ""^'^ 
exercised  pretty  constantly,  but  has  ■^^^^^^\l^;'''^l 
a  too  liberal  use  of  tobacco,  spirits,    and  ^  ceteras.     T^« 
result  to  th.  health   of  both,  has  been  pretty   much   the 
a",    mpaired  digestion,  disturbed  and  irregular  repose 
nd  c'onse  uent  enfteblement  of  the  whole  system-     ^o. 
rank     personal  habits,    and  individual  temperam  n  s.    wdl 
necc;  Jrily  vary  the  bodily  conditions  of  the  candidates,  and 

TXrttTL  mode  of  living^  often^^ 

Jst  difficult   to  handle,  but,  as  a  general  thing   now-a- 

Iv     tW  are  found  to  live  in  a  rather  Christianlike  ma  - 

"^      The  favorite  son  of  a  wealthy   sire  leaves  home  to 

;•  b  h'edtlion  at  one  of  our   col..e«.  .d  has  abun. 

ance  of  means  furnished  ^^;^::^^ 

bv  considerable  active  exercise.     If  healtny  a 

Dy  I.OI1B1  „„eiu„tif.n  will  be  gradual,  and,  per- 

nnderminine  of  his   constitution  win  u«=  g 

undermining  „„.  noticeable.     But  the  change  comes 


TRAINING. 


199 


idulgcd  by  men,  some 
rs  are  engaged  '.n  active 
B  of  a  racing  crew,  will 
pon  a  man;  strength- 
vicious   practices,  and 

hand.  And  the  diffi- 
ch  on  every  side  beset 
brniing  his  crew- work. 

run  down  by  close  ap- 
,,   perhaps,    with   good 
at  required  for  one  who 
has  injured  himself  by 
B,    and  etceteras.     The 
been  pretty   much   the 
i  and  irregular  repose, 
.  whole  system.     Social 
lual  temperaments,    will 
IS  of  the  candidates,  and 

of  living,  very  often  the 
a  general  thing,  now-a- 
rather  Christianlike  man- 
thy  sire  leaves  home  to 
colleges,  and  has  abund- 
h  which  to  gratify  every 
presume  that  he  is  not  a 
dissipation  is  accompanied 
:f  healthy  and  robust,  the 
will  be  gradual,  and,  per- 
le.     But  the  change  comes 
araed  and  blood-shot  eyes. 


arc  tho  cxterniil  evidences  of  weakened  digestion,  feverish 
blood,  and  tottering  mind  within. 

When  a  man  carries  with  him  every  evidence  of  weakened 
frame  and  great  debility,  it  would  be  sheer  wickedness  to 
start  him  in  active  training,  as  the  result  would  be  likely  to 
bo  anything  but  beneficial.  Ills  preparation  must  be  very 
gradual  and  cautious,  as,  otherwise,  he  will  be  totally 
unable  to  perform  his  duty,  as  his  strength  must  inevitably 
fail  him.  His  vices  must  be  dropped  at  the  start,  and  a 
moderate  amount  of  exercise  commenced. 

In  addition  to  this,  his  diet  must  be  cautiously  changed, 
and  a  course  of  bathing  entered  upon.  In  a  short  time  his 
appetite  will  improve,  his  strength  return,  and  his  sleep  bo 
sound  and  long.  The  amount  of  work  to  bo  done  can  then 
be  increased  to  any  extent  desirable,  and  tlie  man  is  once 
more  in  good  condition. 

There  is  another  individual  selected  for  a  crow,  whose 
living  has  not  been  nearly  so  high  as  the  former  one,  but 
whose  dissipation,  or  use  of  tobacco  and  liquors,  has  been 
fully  as  great.  His  food  is,  perhaps,  very  spare,  and  his 
daily  labor  not  very  active  or  severe.  His  pipe  is  scarcely 
ever  out  of  his  mouth  between  meals,  and  then  only  for  the 
purpose  of  admitting  a  bunch  of  "fine-cut,"  or  a  glass  of 
liquor.  His  energies  soon  begin  to  fail ;  he  seems  as  if  in  a 
continual  fog,  and  his  flesh  becomes  soft  and  doughy.  He  is 
unable  to  assign  a  probable  reason  for  his  condition,  other 
than  tho  want  of  proper  exercise,  and  so  having,  perhaps, 
occasionally  rowed  a  little,  he  resorts  to  a  boat,  with  the  ex- 
pectation of  finding  an  increase  of  power.  The  result  of  his 
pains  is  unexpected  and  unsatisfactory,  and  the  party  is 
usually  apt  to  become  so  disgusted  with  the  trial  as  to  defer 


200 


TKAIMNU. 


I 


utlier   uttenipts  at  restoring  hia  hoalth  by 


him  from   any 
exercise. 

Hut  he  must  not  despair,  as  his  case  is  by  no  means 
liopeless,  if  he  acts  with  judgment  and  discretion,  and  does 
not  expect  too  great  a  return  of  health,  from  too  small  an 
investment  of  labor. 

There  are  other  classes  of  individuals  who  are  chosen  as 
members   of   racing   crews,  especially   in  cities  and    places 
where   the   club   is  not   connected  with  an  educational  or 
any  similar  institution.     One   of  these   occupies  the  posi- 
tion of  book-keeper,  cashier,  or  copying  clerk,  in  some  ofhce, 
store  or  bank.     His  whole  attention  is  given  to  adding  up 
columns  of  figures,  settling  mathematical  results  or,  perhaps, 
maintaining    an   arduous    and    responsible    correspondence 
This  makes  so  liberal  a  draught  upon   his  muscular  and 
nervous  strength  that  he  loses  all  life  and  energy,  and  at  last 
finds  himself  scarcely  able  to  stand  up  to  his  desk,  or  to  con- 
centrate his  thoughts  upon  his  work.     He  may,  it  ^s  true 
rise  early,  take  a  walk,  or  if  his  means  permit,  a  horse-back 
ride,  and  expect   that   such   exercise   as  this  will  serve   to 
keep  him  in  good  health.     But  while   his  system  is  daily 
subjected  to  such  a  drag,  he  can  only   lind  temporary  relief 
and  support  in  this  method  of  exercising. 

Another  class  of  men  who  sometimes  suffer  severely  from 
over-taxation  of  their  mental  systems,  are  students  of  law, 
medicine,  divinity  and  science. 

Authors,  writers  and  lecturers  too,  very  frequently  lose  their 
health  by  too  close  application  of  their  r.iinds  to   their  re- 
spective pursuits,  prompted,  as  it  often  is,  by  a  very  laud- 
able ambition  for  success  and  distinction.  ^ 
Merchants,  and  business  men  generally,  are  not  altogether 


I 
t 
1 

r 

r 
li 

I 

a 
t 
h 
I 
i 
a 
L 


TUAININO. 


20 1 


ig  hu  hoalth  by 

is  by  no  means 
^rction,  and  docs 
rom  too  BUiall  an 

iv-ho  are  chosen  as 
cities  and    places 
an  educational  or 
occupies  the  posi- 
erk,  in  some  office, 
iven  to  adding  up 
results  or,  perhaps, 
le    correspondence, 
his  muscular  and 
energy,  and  at  last 
tiis  desk,  or  to  con- 
tie  may,  it  is  true, 
lermit,  a  horse-back 
this  will  serve  to 
[lis  system   is  daily 
id  temporary  relief 

suffer  severely  from 
are  students  of  law, 

frequently  lose  their 
Liinds  to  their  rc- 
is,  by  a  very  laud- 


y,  are  not  altogether 


free  from  the  injurious  consequences  whicli  ensue  from  »  too 
<!loso  application  of  the  mind  to  one  subject  for  a  long  time, 
and  they  must  be  considered  as  forming  part  of  the  same 
class  with  those  above  referred  to.  First,  then,  wo  will 
consider  the  case  of  a  man,  no  matter  wliether  he  bo  a  stu- 
dent, a  writer,  or  a  business  mun,  who  has  been  injured  by 


OVEK-WORK. 

A  man  looking  to  distinction,  whether  in  a  profession,  or 
business  of  any  kind,  had  better  not  lose  sight  of  the  fact 
that  "  haste  makes  waste,"  and  that  by  constantly  applying 
himself  to  study  or  business,  in  the  hope  of  a  rapid  and 
prominent  success,  without  allowing  his  body  and  mind  to 
reeuperatc  by  a  season  of  rest,  he  will  find,  in  a  few  years, 
his  pace  becoming  gradually  slower,  and  his  powers  of  ap- 
plication almost  entirely  gone. 

Some  very  able  men,  both  in  the  pulpit,  on  the  bench, 
and  in  the  professions,  make  themselves  heard  and  felt  by 
the  influences  of  their  powerful  intellects,  even  after  their 
bodies  have  become  diseased  and  deccrpit ;  but  this  is  only 
because,  when  younger,  they  mastered  and  developed  great 
ideas,  which  now  shine  forth  in  spite  of  their  infirmities, 
and  not  because  their  bodily  and  mental  powers  are  in  a 
healthy  condition. 

A  person  engaged  in  studious  pursuits  should  regulate  his 
hours  for  study  and  exercise,  so  that  he  may  do  his  day's 
work  without  feeling  nervous  and  excitable.  >So  many  hours 
for  study,  so  many  for  sleep,  exercise,  etc.,  should  be  the 
rule.     But  it  is  seldom  that  an  ambitious  man,  as  long  as  his 


II 

i 


202 


TRAINlNfl. 


„,ind  holds  out,  will  devote  any  of  bis  tin.c  to  cxorose    and 
if  he  docs,  it  will  be  very  likely  of  such  a  nature  a.  wdl  do 
him   very  little,  if  any  good.     When  such  an  one  »s    bout 
toenterlponacourse   of  physical  traimng.  ne   s  ould    . 
possible,  relinquish  during  this  tin.e,  altogether,  h,s  books 
or  accounts,  and  devote  his  time   entirely   to  exemse  and 
rest      If  he  cannot  do  this,  and  a  great  many,  not  their  own 
masters,  cannot,  he  should  shorten  his  hours  of  study  as  much 
as  possible,  and  endeavor  to  follow,  as  near  as  he  can   tl»3  m- 
Jctions  upon  training  contained  in  this  Book.     H^s      u  « 
for   study  should  be   divided   so   as  to  leave   intervals   of 
considerable  length  between  for  exerc.se. 

Breakfast  should  be  taken  at  about  7  o'clock,  afte    which 
the  party  should  maintain  perfect    quiet  for  a  half  hour 
The  breakfast  should  be  substantial,  but  not  heavy,     It  cot- 
fee  has  been  used,  it  should  be  continued;  but  none  other 
than  black  tea  ought  to  bo  used. 

Study  should  commence  at  8,  and  continue  until  ll,;vhen  a 
good  long  walk  should  be  taken  for  one  hour ;  commencing  at  a 
moderate  pace,  and  increasing  gradually.    Upon  arriving  home 
at  12  o'clock,  the  party,  who  will  most  likely  be   perspir- 
ing freely,  should  lie  down  for  twenty  minutes,  in  some  place 
not  exposed  to  a  draft,  and  rest.     He  should  then  get   up 
and  exercise  with  a  pair  of  dumVbells  or  Indian  clubs  for  a 
half  hour;  after  this,  sponge  off  the  face,  neck  and  breast. 
Dinner  should  be  concluded  at  about  1    1-2  o'clock    and  a 
siesta  of  thirty  minutes  taken.      From  2  o'clock  to  5,  read- 
ing, study,  or  whatever  the  man's  business  may  happen  to 

be,  can  be  resumed.  ,    .    .•  „ 

At  this  hour  he  should  resort   to  his  boat,    and  startmg 

,?lowly,    gradually   increase   his   speed,    as  in   the  morning 


TUAINING 


•203 


mc  to  exercise,  and 
a  nature  as  will  do 
uch  an  one  is  about 
ning,  no   should,   if 
iltogethor,  his  books 
cly   to  exercise  and 
many,  not  their  own 
,ur8  of  study  as  much 
ear  as  ho  can,  the  in- 
liis  Book.     His  hours 

0  leave   intervals   of 

le. 

'  o'clock,  after  which 
uiet  for  a  half  hour, 
it  not  heavy.  If  cof- 
nued ;  but  none  other 

itinuc  until  11,  when  a 
hour ;  commencing  at  a 
J.  Upon  arriving  home 
lost  likely  be  perspir- 
minutes,  in  some  place 
e  should  then  get   up 

1  or  Indian  clubs  for  a 
B  face,  neck  and  breast. 
t  1  1-2  o'clock,  and  a 
)m  2  o'clock  to  5,  read- 
asiness  may  happen  to 

his  boat,    and  starting 
ed,    as  in   the  morning 


walk,  until  a  pretty  rapid  stroke  is  attained.  This  should  last 
about  three-quarters  of  an  hour,  so  that  6  o'clock  will  find  him 
at  homo  undergoing  his  ablutions,  preparatory  to  the  evening 
meal.  Supper  shonld  be  taken  at  6  1-2,  after  a  rest  of  about  20 
minutes  or  so.  When  supper  is  concluded,  no  more  study  or  la- 
bor of  any  kind  ought  to  be  taken,  but  any  light  exercise  that 
will,  at  the  same  time,  servo  to  amuse  him,  should  be  resorted  to 
Croquet,  or  any  similar  lawn  game,  when  the  weather  is  favor- 
able, will  be  very  agreeable  ;  when  the  weather  is  inclement, 
such  games  as  checkers,  cards,  backgammon,  etc.,  will  serve  to 
pass  away  a  few  pleasant  hours  until  bed  time  shall  arrive.  Ho 
should  retire  at  about  10,  so  as  to  have  an  abundance  of  rest, 
and  bo  able  to  rise  on  the  following  morning   at  0. 

When  the  party  first  commences  this  preparatory  training, 
his  exercise  should  at  first  be  rather  gentle,  so  as  to  obviate 
any  dangci'  from  overexertion,  and  afterwards  gradually  in- 
creased. If  he  has  been  a  pretty  constant  smoker  or  chcwer, 
he  should  coase  tliis  from  the  earliest  possible  moment.  The 
use  of  liquor  should  also  bo  abandoned,  and  nothing  but 
coflfee,  water,  milk  or  tea  used  as  a  drink. 

On  no  account,  should  any  of  the  nocturnal  delicacies  of 
the  summer  season,  such  as  ices,  julips,  creams,  etc.,  be 
partaken  of,  as  their  effects  upon  the  system  are  anything 
but  salutary.  By  following  the  advice  given,  it  is  certain 
that  the  over-worked  man  may  either  recover  what  strength 
he  has  lost,  or  develop  largely  what  he  may  at  the  time 
possess,  so  as  to  be  enabled  to  engage  in  active  training,  and 
contend  successfully  in  almost  any  Rowing  match.  The 
next  individual  whom  we  are  sure  to  meet  in  almost  every 
selected  crew,  and  whoso  physical  condition  we  are 
bound   to  look   into   and  consider,    is    he   who    "  has  liv- 


11 


■f 
I 


204 


TUAININli. 


cil  not   wisely,  but,  too    well."      Hois,  emphatically. 


TIIK   MAN  OF  GOOD  CHEER 

He  may  be  a  man  who  is   not   constitutionalV  W '.  ^nc 
who  exercises  a  great  deal,  but  yet  pays  a  serf-like  homage 
to  his   stomach.     His  only  difficulty,    in  getting  into  good 
condition,  will  arise  from  a   want   of  self-command ;    an  in- 
ability to  say  "  no  !"  when  his  stomach  calls  for  more.      If 
he  is  pecuniarily  well  off,   the  difficulty  is  even  greater  than 
if  he  were  otherwise  circumstanced,  as  there  is  then  no  pros- 
pect of  touching  a   tender   chord,   by   a  pull  at  his  purse- 
strings,  to  which  very  many  men  are  so  sensitive.     He  may 
bo  situated  almost  anywhere,  and  his  mode  of  living  will  be 
the  same.     "  Eat,  drink  and  be  merry,  for  to-morrow  we 
die,"  is  an  injunction  only   too  universally  followed,   and  a 
candidate  in  training,  who  has   acted  upon  this   principle, 
will  need  to  exert  his  will-power  to   its  utmost,  in   order  to 
fulfill  the  requirements.     If  he  has  been   only   a  moderate 
drinker,  he  will  suffer  no  evil  consequences  by  quitting  the 
use  of  liquor  entirely,  from  the  start.     But,  if  he  has  been 
a  severe  drinker,  great  care  should  be  exercised  in  the  man- 
ner of  reducing  his  potations,  as  dangerous  consequences  are 
likely  to  ensue  from  too  suddenly  ceasing  the  use  of  alcoholic 
stimulants. 

The  best  plan  is  to  gradually  decrease  the  quantity 
of  liquid  taken,  and  to  substitute  something  else  for  the 
balance.  The  following  draught  has  been  very  frequently 
prescribed  by  trainers  for  their  men  :  Aromatic  confection, 
10  grains;  sal.  volatile,  1  drachm;  bicarbonate  soda,  5 
grains  ;   sweet  gentian,   1  drachm  ;    water,  1  ounce  ;    to  be 


TRAINING. 


206 


emphatically, 

lEEll 

utionaPy  lazy ;  one 
a  serf-like  homage 
getting  into  good 
'-command;    an  in- 
calls  for  more.      If 
)  even  greater  than 
lere  is  then  no  pros- 
,  pull  at  his  purse- 
sensitive.     He  may 
ide  of  living  will  be 
T,  for  to-morrow  we 
illy  followed,   and  a 
upon  this   principle, 
itmost,  in   order  to 
n   only   a  moderate 
ices  by  quitting  the 
But,  if  he  has  been 
xercised  in  the  man- 
ous  consequences  are 
g  the  use  of  alcoholic 

crease  the  quantity 
nething  else  for  the 
been  very  frequently 
Aromatic  confection, 
bicarbonate  soda,  5 
ater,  1  ounce  ;   to  be 


mixed  together.  This  will  prove  especially  beneficial  to  thoHo 
who  experienco  that  "  going  "  or  falling  sensation,  which  is 
the  result  of  abuse  from  alcoholic  and  narcotic  stimulants. 

The  above  dose  may  bo  taken  daily,  or  oftcner,  if  it  is 
found  necessary,  until  the  necessity  for  it  ceases  to  exist. 
The  diminution  of  liquid  should  go  steadily  on  until  it  is 
found  safe  to  do  without  it  entirely.  Liquor  should  bo 
avoided  by  a  man  in  training — or  out  of  it  either  for  that 
matter — as  something  as  dangerous  to  his  safety  as  a  lee 
shore  is  to  the  storm-tossed  mariner.  There  is  not  the  same 
danger  in  summarily  quitting  the  use  of  tobacco  as  in 
ceasing  the  use  of  liquor,  and,  therefore,  no  excuse  can  be 
found  for  its  use.  In  diminishing  the  quantity  of  liquor, 
malt  liquor  will,  if  unadulterated,  be  the  best,  but  where 
this  does  not  prove  sufficient,  wine,  or  spirits,  in  small 
quantity,  can  be  made  use  of,  and  for  this  purpose,  an  occa- 
sional glass  of  brandy  and  water,  or  claret,  must  be  allowed. 
When  the  claret  does  not  disagree,  it  proves  an  excellent 
win«  for  gradually  lowering  the  stimulus.  Where  the  diges- 
tive system  has  been  very  much  disordered,  the  claret  should 
be  mulled  and  taken  warm. 

Excess  in  smoking  and  drinking  produces  abnormal  secre- 
tion of  the  kidneys  and  skin,  and  this  is  the  means  by 
which  nature  endeavors  to  dispose  of  the  poison  absorbed 
by  these  agents.  The  efiFect,  however,  does  not  always  im- 
mediately cease  on  the  removal  of  the  cause ;  hence  the 
thirst  continues,  and  some  liquid  must  he  taken  to  quench  it. 
For  those  who  can  afford  it,  and  for  whom  it  is  agreeable, 
claret  and  soda  are  very  good,  or  porter,  or  beer,  mixed 
with  equal  proportions  of  soda  water.  Purgatives,  in  such 
cases,  must  be  used  with   extreme  care.     No  person  accus- 


«SWSe**?^W9SB*WH? 


20( 


TUAlNINtl. 


,  ,-  •        «,;n  1,0  able   to  bear   strong   aporionl 
tomtd  to  bigb  Uvmg,  will  bo  ablo  ._^ 

jur),  »""•  °       -iu  tK«  Mtroniest  caution. 

night.     If  the  passages  are  of  a  slate  or       y 
;..bluepm  ought  tohe  ta.eu^a    ---^.a^h^a 
draught  in  the  mornuig.     Sho«W  ^^^  ^  ^^^ 

show  itself,  and  the  bowels  act  mo^  t  ^^  ^^^^ 

any  number  of  days,    a  wmeglas^ful  ot  a 
.iLateaspoonfulco.pound-^reo^      «^ 

be  taken  two  or  three  --  ^  ^^y^^/J  „^  ,,,y  i«,  twenty 
to  a  considerable  extent,  and  the  bowels  ar        y  ^^^^ 

to  twenty-five  drops  of  laudanum  may  be  adde  ^^ 

aose;  and  if  watery,  with  gnpmg  p  ns.  wenty  _^ 
,Hrty  drops  of  diluted  sulpur.  acid  ^^^^^^^^^^  ^^  ,^. 

I„  a  majority  of  cases,  .he  tone    ^ J^^J  ^,^  ,^,. 

-trrrrr^Cti^  had  better  be  con- 

^--;-7rrs!:::;r^t^^ 

should  be  paid,  as  the  success  o   ^^^J^^^^      ^  ,,  ,„, 
„uch  upon  the  health  of  the  mmd  a   <^  th«  ^^^^     ^^^^^,.„,, 
of  the  mind  is  something  which  receive  v    y  ht 
from  trainers,  and  it  therefore  becomes  necessary 


TRAINING. 


207 


bear   strong   aporicnl 
or  Buffering  Boino  w- 
ilj   administered,  tbcy 
(st  caution. 

f  the  livor   present,   u 
„g  of  the  following  in- 
ce  Benna,  with  a  tea- 
water.     Or.  in  liott  »*" 
piUs  may  bo  taken  at 
ite  or  clay  color,  »  five 
,t  night,  and  the  above 
i.  tendency  to  diarrhoea 
,re  than  once  a  day,  for 
ful  of  decoction  of  bark, 
are  of  the  same,  ehould 
If  the  trouble  euflts, 
iwelB  are  very  lax,  twenty 
a  may  be  added  to  each 
ng  pains,    twenty-five  to 
;id  may  be  given  with  it. 
:  the  Btomaeh  wiU  be  rc- 
id  the  diarrhoea  wiU  disap- 
rioian  had  better  be  con- 

88,  the  mind  should  be  di- 
time  that  the  body  is  being 
this  point  great  attention 
,f  the  treatment  depends  as 
das  of  the  body.  The  care 
receives  very  little  attention. 

jecomes  necessary  to  impress 


its  importance  upon  them.  Witliout  some  light  aniusemont 
or  recreation,  the  training  beoomca  so  much  hard  work, 
and  fails  in  its  object ;  it  tires  out  the  candidate,  but 
does  not  restore  his  equanimity. 

If  the  proper  amusement  is  furnished  to  satisfy  the  mind,  the 
trials  and  labors  of  training  will  scarcely  be  felt,  and  if  felt 
at  all,  will  be  in  such  a  manner  us  to  create  a  desire  for  a 
contiuanco  of  it. 

Men  in  training,  of  the  class  now  under  consideration, 
should  keep  each  other's  company  as  much  as  possible,  and  by 
this  means  they  will  meet  with  less  temptation  and  find  less 
difficulty  in  overcoming  it. 

The  diet  should  constitute  a  variety,  and  yet  be  substantial 
and  nutritious.  Roast  mutton  or  beef,  mutton  chops,  beef- 
steaks or  poultry,  may  be  used.  Good  fresh  fish  and  game 
are  not  injurious,  and  certain  kinds  of  pastry,  if  properly  pre- 
pared, will  do  no  hurt.  Rigid  dieting  should  be  postponed 
until  the  period  of  active  training,  as  the  stomach  will  not 
usually  stand  it  ftkr  a  protracted  period.      < 

An  immersion  in  cold  water  should  be  taken  every  morning, 
and  in  very  cold  weather,  the  temperature  of  the  water  should 
be  between  sixty  and  seventy  degrees.  A  wet  cloth  should 
be  used  with  which  to  rub  the  body  until  it  glows.  In  the 
accomplishment  of  this  portion  of  the  work,  the  help  of  an  as- 
sistant will  be  very  desirable.  If  the  reaction  is  speedy,  a 
calico  shirt  may  be  put  on,  but  if  otherwise,  it  might  be  best 
to  don  flannel,  especially  in  cold  weather.  It  is  not  neces- 
sary to  make  use  of  flannel  often,  however,  as  one  who  is  so 
delicate  as  to  require  it,  will  scarcely  be  strong  enough  to 
undergo  a  course  of  vigorous  training. 

This  then,  comprises  about  all  that  is  necessary  to  say  upon 


•2(»S 


TUAININO. 


„.is  m.l.io..t  to  thoHC  who.,,  rrcviouH  hubitH  have  boon  onc«  ot 
.n«Hipation.  butwl.o.attboHun.o  tUno.  have  oxe™ Icon- 
H-ulcrably  in  the  open  air.  There  in  another  ela.«  of  u.  - 
vi.lualH  who  live  well,  and  take  little  or  no  cxcrcne.  Ihm 
elaBS  of 

WELL-FKP  IDLERS 

Have  pursued  the  same  viciouH  practices  a«  the  preoediug, 
l,ut  have  not  in.itated  them  in  their  physical  exerc.se. 
Their  case  is  the  most  precarious  of  any.  and  w.U  generally 
prove  the  most  difficult  to  handle. 

A  greater  amount  of  self-command,  is  required  by  one  of 
this  set  than  by  any  other,  but  as  a  matter  of  course  Ins 
will-power,  like  that  of  hi«  body,  has  become  enfeebled 
fromlaxik  of  use,  and  will  need  considerable  time  to  restore 

it  to  its  natural  condition. 

Exceptions  to  this  rule  will  very  often  be  found  m  cases 
of  men  who.  though  thoroughly  given  dp  to  d.ss.pat.on. 
have  great  determh.ation  of  character,  and  if  they  once 
Bay  •  "  I  will  quit  drinking  and  smoking."  it  is  done. 

Occasionally,  a  man  will  be  selected,  of  immense  frame 
and  great  physical  power,  with  weak  and  vacillating  mind. 
Who  will  either  "blow  hot  or  cold."  as  the  fancy  strikes 
him  It  will  bo  best  not  to  place  very  much  reliance  upon 
him,  as  he  is  just  as  likely  as  not,  at  the  last  moment,  to  throw 
off  all  restraint,  and  declare,  emphatically,  that  he  "  won  t 
,lo  so  and  so.  The  amount  of  vigilance  required  to  keep 
him  out  of  mischief  will  scar-cely  bo  repaid. 

Idleness  and  dissipation,  in  his  case,  have  either  led  to  a 
dislike  for  exercise,  or  are  produced  for  want  of  it.     l>ut  it 


liitH  have  bocii  ones  of 
,  linvo  oxor-iflcd  con- 
aiiotlicr  cluHH  of  indi- 
nr  no  exercise.     Tliis 


itices  as  the  preceding, 
leir  physical  exerciBC. 
ny,  and  will  generally 

I,  is  required  by  one  of 
I  matter  of  course,  lii» 
has  become  enfeebled 
liderable  time  to  restore 

iften  be  found  in  cases 
ven  lip   to   dissipation, 
iter,   and  if  they   once 
king,"  it  is  done. 
,cd,    of  immense   frame 
;  and  vacillating  mind, 
"    as  the   fancy   strikes 
(rery  much  reliance  upon 
the  last  moment,  to  throw 
tically,  that  ho  "won't" 
filance  required  to  keep 
repaid. 

lase,  have  either  led  to  a 
[  for  want  of  it.     But  if 


THAININO. 


•200 


the  trainer  decides  to  undertake  the  care  and  preparution  of 
such  a  candidate,  he  must  proceed  cautiously  and  gradually, 
both  as  to  diet  and  exercise.  The  person  selected  may  bo 
a  good  natured  agreeable  man,  who  was  led  into  his  vicious 
course  by  some  one  else  of  stronger  mind  and  temperament. 
He  may  also  be  rescued  by  such  an  one,  if  he  is  willing  to 
spend  the  time  required  to  get  him  into  trim.  It  will  bo 
necessary  to  "  watch  "  him  continually  until  he  is  thoroughly 
i)roke  in,  and  the  influence  and  example  of  those  around  him 
begins  to  tell.  The  method  of  curing  him  of  his  vicious 
habits,  and  the  evil  consequences  that  have  resulted  there- 
from, will  bo  similar  to  that  advised  in  the  case  of  "  the  man 
of  good  cheer. ' '  The  medicine  etc. ,  must  be  regulated  accord- 
ing to  the  requirements  of  the  case,  and  after  a  short  season 
of  preparatory  training,  he  will  be  ready  to  engage  in  active 
work.  In  a  majority  of  cases,  men  of  these  two  classes  will 
bo  found  either  with  a  greater  abundance  of  solid  flesh  than 
will  be  convenient  to  carry  in  the  race,  or  they  will  bo 
bloated  by  liquor.  The  nature  of  their  indulgences,  how- 
ever, has  a  good  deal  to  do  with  this,  and  some  will  be  found 
thin,  haggard  and  worn,  (in  consequence  of  the  long  and 
serious  derangement  of  their  digestive  systems. )  Upon  ceas- 
ing the  use  of  the  exciting  agents  of  this  derangement,  how- 
ever, they  will  generally  accumulate  flesh  and  muscle  very 
rapidly.  In  considering  the  cases  of  men  of  this  class,  it 
has  been  taken  for  granted  that  they  have  an  abundance  of 
time  to  train,  and  that  they  are  at  liberty  to  devote  what 
time  they  please  to  their  work. 

Another  class  of  men  who  often  require  relief  from  their 
business  are  those  who  have  adhered  too  closely  to  light 
14 


1 


-f^t^m-m9ts3^'-i 


■.^«grr.K!e«HS^E^*5SSfi5^'- 


•Jin 


•niAlSlN'i 


[1 


MKCIIANIOAL  LABOR. 

V  .rout  .nauy  u..u  .l.o.e  occupation  i.  in-cloor.    injure 

!         1        .  f  ;mo  is  lilicly  to  impede  the  circulation, 
phcre  in  ^bicb  they  breath    and  *^«J^^;^        „ight-print- 

of  truinlng,  ««  almc«Ul«J  W  ,..>»,      y 

.He.  Uvc.  ^-^-''^'Xl.  :«*»■■'■•  ""'  '"" 
Thcrc.ro,  to  taBUto.  ">«"y  T*     .  ,  w    and  their  con- 
„„.t  of  their  time  i.  .pent  in  h.„c.t     W,       d  the 
..itution,  have  .uffcrcd  very  >'f  /    ">  J"  °  ' 
eauBO,  than  tho,c  con.e,acnt  to  thc.r  hnsme.,. 


-»»«»l»««H»«--«*l'*»*"''-''-''  •""*  ' 


\ 


THAININU. 


an 


lion  is  in-tloors  u>jv»ro 
although  the  uuturu  t.l' 
lenil)le   boilily  exercise. 

rk  all  tlay.  ^^^  ""^  '"  *^ 
rtheii  them  Tcry  much. 
[  and  poorly  ventilated, 
n  confined  in  woUen,  to- 
nr  description,  generally 

!upation8  that  arc  charac- 
sertion,  especially  of  the 
ffhich  the  body  is  confined 
Ic  the  circulation. 

up  to  the  case  and  cxcr- 
xtcnt,  and  with  a  healthy 
8  from  disease,  from  cause 
,ncd  above.     The    atmos- 

tho  exhalations  from  the 
y,  and,  as  for  night-print- 
cupation  causes  a  constant 
tely  breaks  it  down, 
plate  engaging  in  a  course 
,nd  it  a  very  easy  task,   as 
oBt  part,   ones  of  sobriety, 
lipated  mechanics,  but  the 
nest  labor,    and  their   con- 
ttle  injury  from  any  other 
their  business. 


In  liny  of  the  1'inerj.aMicies  Mpokeu  of  h»«rt>il(l»efore,  ihc  reuu"- 
<ltOB  or  mode  of  treatment  laid  down  uiuy  lm  ructurtcd  to.  If 
no  Hpeciiil  dorangemuiit  of  the  Hystoui  is  munifesf,  n  gradual 
oouroo  of  oxoreiso  is  to  bo  commenced  and  jifiMfidcd  with,  ac- 
lording  to  t'ircum.stam.'i'».  A  morning  walk  and  I  ttli,  in  the 
early  stages  ;  dumb-bell,  and  olub  exorciHc«  before  dinner, 
which  nhould  bo  succee<led  by  a  lialf  hours'  rcHt.  Uotwoen 
five  and  hIx  o'clock  in  the  evening,  a  row  of  from  two  to  three 
miles.  Tlion  supper  ond  amuHOiuont  of  Homo  kind  until  bed- 
time. 

This  is  meant  for  tlioso  who  continue  their  daily  avocations 
at  the  same  time  tliat  they  are  entering  tlioir  course  of  exer- 
cise ;  but  for  those  who  can  temporarily  leave  off  work,  n  strict- 
er system  should  bo  enforced. 

Probably  sufficient  has  now  boon  said  upon  the  subject  of 
preparing  men  for  races,  who  at  the  same  time  continue  their 
<laily  avocations.  That  is  to  say,  that  the  method  of  treat- 
ing men  of  different  temperaments,  and  physical  conditions, 
during  the  preparatory  process,  has  been  fully  explained. 
During  the  course  of  active  training,  it  is  hoped  that  the  crew 
will  bo  able  to  relinquish  their  business  duties  and  devote 
their  whole  time  to  training.  At  colleges,  and  places  of  simi- 
lar chraoter,  they  are  usually  enabled  to  do  this. 

The  following,  will  constitute  what  might  bo  termed,  the 
summary  of  a  day's  work  in  Professional  Training. 


A  DAY'S  WORK. 

Rise  between  five  and  six  o'clock  A.  M  ;  five  is  sufficiently 
early,  and  six  is  the  latest  allowable.     Start  on  a  walk,  at 


212 


TRAINING. 


moderate  pace,  which  i«  to  be  gradually  increased  to  a  run. 
About  tw!  miles  and  return.  .iU  be  sufficient  at  the  cooi- 
.cncement,  and  can  be  increased  if  possible.  Then  rub  per- 
fectly dry  with  a  coarse  towel,  and  take  an  ablution  with  a 

'^  fifeTfaltlouTbe  taken  about  one  hour  and  a  half  after 

rising  and  is  to  consist  of  the  diet  mentioned, 

Li^ht  reading  or  exercise,  after  breakfast  for  about  three 

hours    when,  take  the  boat,  and  pull  at  regular  speed  for 

a  0^'  f^rty  minutes.     An  hour  and  a  half,   or  two  hours 
bo:id  intervene  between  the  morning  row  and  dinner,  w^id, 
should  be  prepared  as  nearly  as  possible,  in  accordance  with 
the  directions  laid  down  in  .this  Work. 

After  dinner,  any  light  exercise  will  be  in  order  until  be- 
tween four  and  five,  when  the  boat  is  again  to  be  taken  and 
pulled  at  about  the  same  pace  as  in  the  morning  for  about 

one  hours'  time.  . 

Supper  Hhould  be  eaten  at  about  seven  o  clock,  after 
which  no  more  exercise  that  day.  and  no  more  ood  or  drink 
Zuld  be   taken,  unless  where   it  is  absolutely   necessary. 

The  evening  should  be  spent  in  reading,  singing,  or  any 

similar  amusement.  .    , 

Retire  about  three  hours  and  a  half  after  supper  to  a  single 

bed  in  a  room  ventilated  and  dry. 


BREAKFAST. 

A  majority  of  trainers  formerly  considered  and  many  yet 
retain  the  opinion,  that  oat-meal  porridge  is  far  superior  to 
any  hing  else  for  the  morning  meal.     But  to  those  who  en- 


K(ye»«saisB?»3®wfc''^*>®^1P''^****^^- 


-j^^ffSCP^^'^Sf^^'''"' 


TnAININO. 


213 


ally  increased  to  a  run. 
be  sufficient  at  the  corn- 
possible.  Then  rub  per- 
take  an  ablution  with  a 

one  hour  and  a  half  after 

aaentioned, 

reakfast  for  about  three 

pull  at  regular  speed  for 

id  a  half,   or  two  hours, 

ng  row  and  dinner,  which 

isible,  in  accordance  with 

rk. 

will  be  in  order,  until  be- 

is  again  to  bo  taken,  and 

in  the  morning  for  about 

3out  seven  o'clock,  after 
md  no  more  food  or  drink 
b  is  absolutely  necessary. 
1  reading,  singing,  or  any 

half  after  supper  to  a  single 


'AST. 

ly  considered,  and  many  yet 
I  porridge  is  far  superior  to 
leal.     But  to  those  who  en- 


tertained an  aversion  to  this  diet,  which  many  do,  a  pint  of 
table  beer,  homo-made,  and  not  too  strong,  with  a  liberal 
allowance  of  bread,  was  given.  A  small  quantity  of  beef 
or  mutton  was  also  allowed. 

Oat-meal  porridge  "  is  "  very  good,  if  agreeable  ;  but  where 
distasteful,  I  should  not  certainly  recommend  the  table  beer 
as  a  substitute,  for  the  reason  that  beer  or  liquor  of  any 
kind,  in  active  training,  is  not  only  not  beneficial  but  positive- 
ly injurious.  Light  biscuit  or  bread,  slightly  stale,  or  even  dry 
toast,  with  broiled  beef  or  mutton,  may,  in  most  cases,  be 
accepted  as  good  and  safe  to  be  eaten,  and  not  very  likely 
to  disgust  the  partaker. 

As  a  drink,'  water  in  small  quantities,  pure  milk,  or  black 
tea,  which  is  best  taken  clear.  It  is  not  desirable  to  stint 
the  appetite,  unless  very  enormous,  or  where  there  is  a  great 
superabundance  of  fat,  and  even  then  it  will,  in  most  cases, 
be  found  more  advantageous  to  reduoe  the  weight  by  work 
than  by  starvation. 

Broiling  the  meat  is  generally  recommended,  because,  by 
that  means  less  nutriment  is  lost  than  by  any  other  mode  of 
cooking*,  but  an  occasional  roast  or  fry,  will  serve  to  vary 
the  routine,  and  will  do  no  hurt. 

The  steak  should  be  kept  on  tlie  gridiron  till  properly 
done  through,  as  the  food  is  thus  rendered  much  more 
palatable  to  most  personst  and  certainly  more  digestible 
to  all. 

Coffee  is  not  generally  recommended,  nor  very  generally 
used,  in  training,  and  I  will  not  advise  the  use  of  it,  though 
I  think  that  the  effects  of  coffee,  when  procured  whole, 
well  ground  and  properly  cooked,  is  not  by  any  means  as 
injurious  as  some  would  have  us  believe. 


^jv?sfa»?a^*^'" 


214 


TRAINING. 


.ea.  .hieh  .1.  ";-;\:.  « V.  ^Lr' i.    *.  -on. 
should  bo   green;    blacK    tea,    »     fc 

of  a  country  o  JiffeTcnt  kinds   of 

America-,  and  if,  npon  trial    ^'"^'^ J"  ,^,^ 

food  are   found  to  agree  ^vith  a  man,   he   Bhoulci 

without  stint.  •'  -    "  -     ^    ,       , 


DINNER.  '     ' 

;:,;  sir:;.. -  —  -'■;,:: 


*■  -tuvfiK^^si^^^"'" 


TRAINING. 


215 


;  to  he  compared  to 

a<ro  recoirniended 

ler,    is    the   custom 

avoided,  and  noth- 
•,  used  as   a  condi- 

ise  about  all  that  can 
at  breakfast,  but  it 
ribe  what  shall  and 
mlB,  in  all  localities, 
and  temperature  as 
id  different  kinds  of 
he   should  use   them 


and  should  consist  of 
)r  rare,  according  to 
tcepting  such  as  are 
oosc  or  duck.  When 
ot  meant  that  it  should 
I  the  juice  is  to  be  ex- 
be  so  done  as  to  leave 
he  meat  without  having 

ould  be  cooked  to  suit 
all  cases,  this  would  be 
,s  very  few  persons   are 


anything  like  well  instructed  upon  hygiene,  in  its  relations 
to  the  culinary  art ;  and  of  those  who  are,  a  largo  majority 
prefer  rather  to  satisfy  their  palates  than  to  follow  the  dic- 
tates of  their  judgment.  In  a  majority  of  cases,  however, 
a  man's  food  should  be  cooked  in  the  manner  to  which  he  has 
been  accustomed  and  prefers. 

Salt  beef,  pork,  veal,  and  most  wild  fowl,  should  bo 
avoided.  Potatoes  must  be  used  sparingly— one  or  two 
moderate  sized  ones  will  be  sufficient  at  a  meal.  All  other 
vegetables  have  heretofore  been  ruled  out,  as  being  improper 
for  a  man  in  training  to  partake  of— but  there  is  no  reason 
why  very  many  of  the  vegetables  that  make  their  appear- 
ance in  our  market  should  not  be  moderately  used,  if  prop- 
erly prepared. 

Where  the  party  in  training  has  always  been  accustomed 
to  eating  all  the  vegetables  of  the  season,  no  possible  harm 
can  result  from  his  indulging  with  discretion  in  the  use, 
occasionally,  of  parsnips,  green  peas,  cauliflower,  corn,  or 
even  cabbage,  in  small  quantity. 

But  if  used,  it  should  bo  without  vinegar  or  spices. 
Bread,  at  this  meal,  as  at  all  times,  is  to  be  used  "ad 
libitum,"  or  in  lieu  thereof,  light  biscuit  or  crackers,  as  it 
is  good  to  change  off.  As  a  drink,  water,  tea,  or  milk  may 
be  used.  If  tea  is  taken,  it  should  be  black,  and  not  too 
strong.  If  milk,  it  should  bo  fresh  and  pure,  and  whatever 
is  used  should  be  partaken  of  in  small  quantities,  perhaps  not 
more  than  one  cup  or  glassful. 

It  was  formerly  the  custom  to  give  at  this  meal,  from  a 
pint  to  a  quart  of  homo  brewed  ale,  claret,  or  sherry  and 
water. 

Fish  has  been  seklom  prescribed  as  an  article  of  diet  to 


I 


216  TRAININO. 

those  in  training,  although  no  objection  exists  to  the  use  of 
many  of  the  different  species  of  fish  that  abound  in  our  fresh 
water  lakes  and  rivers.  It  would  be  difficult  to  mention  any 
particular  fish  that  is  to  be  had  in  aU  legalities  of  the 
country,  but  fresh  whitefish,  when  it  can  be  obtained,  makes 
a  very  agreeable  relish,  and  if  moderately  used,  will  be  very 
good  food.  '       \   ■>  >  . 

In  any  case,  whatever  is  used  should  not  be  continued  too 
long  without  a  change,  as  nothing  so  thoroughly  disorders 
the  digestive  functions,  as  sticking  too  closely  to  one  kind  of 

food. 

This  should  be  constantly  borne  in  mind  by  the  tramer, 
as  there  is  no  reason  why  he  should  confine  himself  to  any 
particular  articles. 

As  a  desert,  he  may  allow  every  third  day  a  pudding  com- 
posed of  either  tapioca,  farina  or  cornstarch,  or  a  common 
bread  pudding,  not  too  heavy,  wiU  be  as  good  as  anything  else. 
This  served  up  with  green  currants,  blackberries  or  gooseber- 
ries will  be  by  no  means  disagreeable  to  the  palate,  or  un- 
wholesome to  the  stomach.     While  allowing  this  pudding,  it  is 
meant  that  it  shall  be  prepared  lightly,  and  that  it,  as  well 
as  the  preserve  sauce,  shaU  be  used  with  discretion.     The 
main  article  of  diet  at  dinner,  in  moderately  warm  climates, 
should,  as  a  matter  of  course,  be  beef  or  mutton,  with  bread, 
but  as  it  would  be  next  to  impossible  for  any  person  to  tram 
on  these  articles  alone,  those  above  mentioned  have  been  pre- 
scribed for  judicious  use  as  auxiliaries. 


I  exists  to  the  use  of 
it  abound  in  our  fresh 
ifficult  to  mention  any 
all  lo<;alitie8  of  the 
in  be  obtained,  makes 
tely  used,  will  be  very 

d  not  be  continued  too 
)  thoroughly  disorders 
closely  to  one  kind  of 

1  mind  by  the  trainer, 
confine  himself  to  any 

trd  day  a  pudding  com- 
rnstarch,  or  a  comn.on 
s  good  as  anything  else, 
lackberries  or  gooseber- 
B  to  the  palate,  or  un- 
)wing  this  pudding,  it  is 
tly,  and  that  it,  as  well 
,  with  discretion.     The 
lerately  warm  climates, 
or  mutton,  with  bread, 
for  any  person  to  train 
entioned  have  been  pre- 


TRAINI.VO. 


SUlTEll. 


217 


The  trainers  of  a  few  years  ago,  or  many  of  them  at  least, 
maintained  that  no  supper  should  bo  eaten  by  a  party  in 
training,  but  experience  has  proved  that  unless  the  training  is 
of  so  long  duration  as  to  thoroughly  accustom  the  stomach  to 
the  long  fast  from  dinner  to  the  next  morning,  it  is  much  bet- 
ter to  allow  a  light  meal  in  the  evening. 

For  this  meal,  oatmeal  porridge  is  perhaps  'the  best  thing 
to  use,  with  dry  toast.  A  soft  boiled  egg  may  be  taken 
every  second  or  third  night,  without  pepper  or  salt.  Meai  is 
not  necessary  at  night,  except  for  persons  of  very  delicate  con- 
stitution, who  may  require  unusual  support.  For  such  per- 
sons a  small  steak  and  a  little  fried  potato  may  be  prepared ; 
taking  care  to  broil  the  steak,  and  not  to  use  grease  with  the 
potatoes. 

For  those  who  are  not  obliged  to  use  meat,  a  little  cran-' 
berry  sauce,  not  too  sweet,  may  be  taken  on  their  bread  in 
conjunction  with  the  porridge.  When  in  season,  blackberries 
and  stawberries  may  be  allowed,  in  small  quantities,  but  not 
unless  perfectly  sound  and  fresh,  as  otherwise  a  sour  stom- 
ach would  bo  likely  to  result.  As  at  the  two  jJrevious  meals, 
water,  milk  or  tea,  may  be  taken  in  moderation.  After  this 
meal  nothing  more  should  be  taken  until  the  following  morn- 
ing, unless  in  cases  where  extreme  thirst  is  felt,  which  can  best 
be  allayed  by  a  drink  of  cool  water  or  milk. 

The  trainer  requires  great  skill  and  experience  to  enable 
him  to  bring  out  his  crew  in  proper  condition,  without  either 
overworking  them  or  leaving  them  "  slack."  All  should  be 
30  trained  as  to  be  able  to  perform  an  equal  amount  of  work. 


•218 


TRAINING. 


H8  nothing  is  80  likely  to  work  harm  to  a  crew  as  difference 
e— L  among  L  n—cr.  If  one  man  pegs  out^ar  y 
in  the  race,  someone  else  has  got  to  doh.s  share  of  the  wk 
nr  at  least  try  to  do  it,  and  thus  run  the  risk  of  over  exert 
:;  r  rrailing  himself,  whilst  the  inevitable  result  of  such 
TLtes  of  things  will  be  that  either  "  starboard  or  port, 
as  the  case  may  be,  wUl  pull  round.  ' 

^nd  so  you  have  unequal  and  homely  rowing,  beside  losing 
.h;  lest,     nonce,  in  order  to  have  the  crew   un.  ormly 
and  properly  ti-ained.  care  should  be  taken  not  to       tint 
;lnd   eai,  those  who  may  have  been  accustomed  to  liberal 
S  nor  to  allow  anything  more  than  what  is  herein  pre- 
scribed  to  those  who  "  train  well." 
"for  instance,  the  habit  is  gros,.  -d  the  appetite  goo 
will  be  necessary  to  allow  only  the  plainest  food,  and  to  vary 

';;ls  ^caution,  enough  and  not  too  much,  is  sure  ^ 
•    he   taken,  and  the   amount   of  work  wiU   ensure  its  d.ges- 

''°if  on  the  other  hand,  the  constitution  is  delicate,  v.ith 
a  wlut  of  appetite,  want  of  digestion,  and  too  great  a  loss 
of  flesh,  it  is  desirable  to  allow   as  much  change  as  pos- 

"tome  persons  are  purged  by  oatmeal,  and.  -  ;  «^^";'  ^^ 
course,  luld  avoid  porridge,    with  others,  all  the  bread 

olbe  toasted  to  prevent   diarrhea,  whilst   with  som 

when  constipation   is  present,    coarse  brown  ^^-ad    mad 

from  the  genuine  undressed  flour,  is  a  good  remedy  for  that 

toublesome  evil.     Hot  bread,  or  biscuit,  should  never  be 

In,  but  fresh  bread  is  always  allowable.     Graham  bread 

for  persons  whose  bowels  are  not  regular,  will  bo  an  excel- 


TKAININO. 


219 


,  a  cvew  as  difference 
ne  man  pegs  out  early 
his  share  of  the  work, 
the  risk  of  over  exert- 
jvitablo  result  of  such 
}tarboard"or  "port," 

ly  rowing,  beside  losing 
ye  the  crew  uniformly 
taken  not  to  "stint" 
len  accustomed  to  liberal 
lan  what  is  herein  pre- 

andtho  appetite  good,  it 
ainest  food,  and  to  vary 

not  too  much,  is  sure  to 
k  will  ensure  its  diges- 

itution  is  delicate,  with 
ion,  and  too  great  a  loss 
as  much  change  as  pos- 

leal,  and,  as  a  matter  of 
,th  others,  all  the  bread 
rhoea,  whilst  with  some, 
,arsc  brown  bread,  made 
is  a  good  remedy  for  that 
biscuit,  should  never  be 
Uowable.  Graham  bread, 
regular,  will  be  an  excel- 


lent article  of  diet.  Fur  mutton  chops,  the  best  part  is 
the  leg  of  a  two  or  three  year  old  wether;  for  steaks, 
the   inside  of   a  sirloin. 

In  the  early  days  of  practice,  and  in  the  race  itself, 
great  distress  sometimes  occurs  ;  there  is  considerable  blue- 
uess  of  faco  from  congestion,  and  the  breathing  is  labored 
and  difficult.  The  best  remedy  for  this  state  is  a  little 
brandy  and  water  and  good  frietion  on  the  feet,  legs,  and 
thighs,  or,  if  it  still  persists;  a  warm  bath  at  ninety-eight 
degrees. 

REDUCING  WEIGHT. 

Superfluous  flesh  is  something  which  must,  as  a  matter 
of  course,  be  got  rid  of  before  a  man  will  be  in  condition  to 
enter  a  race.  To  this  end,  various  means  are  used,  all  of 
which,  however,  produce  sweating,  by  which  the  weight  is 
to  be  reduced.  Corpulent  persons,  in  training,  should  not 
make  use  of  fat-producing  food,  as  it  would  be  impossible 
to  produce  good  condition  by  sweating  to  reduce  weight, 
while  at  the  same  time  the  quality  of  food  eaten,  tends  to 
an  accumulation  of  flesh.  Milk,  fresh  bread,  and  butter, 
should  be  used  cautiously,  and,  perhaps,  not  to  use  butter  at 
all,  would  be  the  better  plan. 

It  is  not  desirable  to  dose  a  man  with  medicine,  while  in 
training,  any  more  than  at  any  other  time,  but  much  good 
can  be  often  and  tapidly  accomplished  by  the  aid  of  a  little 
potent  medicine,  judiciously  administered.  If  no  evidence 
of  organic  derangement  presents  itself,  there  will,  of  course, 
bo  no  necessity  for  using  medicine,  but  if  such  derange- 
ment does    exist,    the   better  way  will   be   to   use   a  little 


220 


TRAINING. 


medicine.     If  there  is  torpid  liver    a   ^  V^  J^^^ 
taken  before  retiring  at  night,    and  a  couple  of   so  d^uz 
powders,  or  a  bottle  of  magnesia  in   the  -"-«•      ^  ^^ 
does  not  effect  the  desired  object,  castor  oil,  or  salts  and 
senna  may  be  used.  , 

IZ  will  «.a... b. r.,.W,  ..d .bi. .U  .^«1,  P- 

dep,.,.,  .~»»d  .1..  ta„i,   tog.,    ..c.    ""f2L'^^] 
he.lft,  »ctio„  of  the.,  org.™,  ."d  aro,  of  course,  to 

the  .hoi.  fram.  h.,  .a  additl.™!  deadweight  to  earr,. 
The  ™Lhg  P.00...  o.".pri-  ••'»'•'•  .rtiacW«»^ -'"■ 
cinal  sweating.  , ,   ^  ^    , 

■I '  ji-f  ',      7       .      < 

,      ■      ■",  NATURAL   SWEATING 

h  producd  b,  .ne-bg  th.  portion,  whieh  it  i.  de.,rea  'o 
,11.  inh^vyH.™.!..  If  th.  n.ek  and  che.t  are  pie- 
.  .,.,.,■  .h,e.o,  four  undo,  .hirt.  ..y  h.  put  .  .^ « 
comforter  or  .h.«l  wound  round  th.  neck.  « 
men  i.  corpulent,  f..ten  .ever.!  th.ctae.se.  of  «ann.l  m 
Znt  ^H    b,  mean,  of  one  or  t.o  bolt,  pawd  around 

rjd  If  it « ""^ '» «*»- "« "°°""'  °' '"'  r: 

IbcUp    d,a..n..oor  three  pair  of  drawer,  or  pan..- 

'°me„.lli."re.a,,  ti."p.rty  .hould  ...rt  at  a  mederato 
pace,  and  inerea»  to  a  dog-trot,  which  ,.  to  be  kept  »p 
ab.«  forty  minute.,  when  the  party  .hould  return  to 


c 

t 
I 

11 

t 

u 

t 

a 

t' 

F 

d 

fi 


TUAININO. 


221 


10  pill  miglit  ^^ 
iouplo  of    spidlita 


norning. 


If  this 


oil,  or  salts  and 

of  two  or  three 
ition.  More  than 
8  will  surely  prove 
intestines.     Fatty 

interfere    with   a 
3,  of  course,  to  be 

from  this  cause,  and 
id  weight  to  carry, 
artificial  and  medi- 

NG 

which  it  is  desired  to 
and  chest  are  plc- 
r  be  put  on,  and  a 
neck.  If  the  abdo- 
cnesscs  of  flannel  in 
belts  passed  around 
,e  amount  of  fat  upon 
[)f  drawers  or   panta- 

Btart  at  a  moderate 
I  is  to  be  kept  up  for 
should  return  to  the 


house  and  lie  down  with  all  his  clothes  on,  between  two 
feather  bod-s  or  several  heavy  blankets,  for  twenty  or  thirty 
minutes.  Then  get  up  and  remove,  first  the  clothing  from 
the  upper  part  of  the  body,  and  then  from  the  lower 
limbs.  Sponge  well  with  hot  brine,  and  rub  down  with 
coarse  towel  or  flesh  gloves,  after  which  dress  rapidly,  so  as 
to  run  no  risk  of  catching  oold.  This  system  of  natural 
sweating  is  more  beneficial  than  any  other. 

AIITIFICIAL  SWEATING. 

This  mode  of  reducing  weight  has  been,  for  a  great  many 
years,  resorted  to  by  certain  practitioners,  and  is  effected  by 
wrapping  the  body  in  a  sheet  which  has  previously  been 
soaked  in  cold  water,  afterwards  putting  on  a  flannel  or  wool- 
en gown,  outside  of  which  again  a  heavy  blanket  or  shawl. 
Then  place  the  patient  beneath  a  feather  bed  or  heap  of 
clothes,  leaving  the  mouth  uncovered.  From  twenty  to 
thirty  minutes  produces  a  reaction,  and  bathes  the  whole 
body  in  perspiration.  This  is  to  be  kept  up  for  about  fifty 
minutes,  when  the  party  should  remove  all  the  clothing'  and 
take  one  plunge  in  cold  water,  if  convenient,  or  if  not,  make 
use  of  a  sponge,  rub  dry,  with  crash  towel,  rapidly,  and  don 
the  clothing.  This  method  is  usually  preferred  by  the  men, 
as  it  increases  the  flow  of  spirit,  and  imparts  a  "oorkiness  " 
to  the  frame,  which  is  foreign  to  any  other  methed.  The 
principal  draw  back  to  it  is,  that  with  many  persons  it  pro- 
duces boils,  which  are  usually  constant  enough  in  training,  - 
from  unavoidable  causes,  and  not  at  all  to  be  encouraged 
where  it  is  possible  to  avoid  them.  ^ 


I 


.>•>•) 


TUAISINO. 


SWKATINa  BY   MEDICINE 

Th  very  ropular.   VUh  son^c  ,non.  and  '.  P'"^-*'*  ;;>; 
t  Jing  ie  of  antimony,   sweet  spirits  mtre.  or  Dovors 

'"iSicinial  agent,  sneh  as  those,  however,  weal^n  the 
Jy tlh  an  extent  as  to  .a.e  them  inadmissable.  and 
therefore  not  to  bo  recommended. 


]t  •"• 


.?»  '< 


««-':i-.     '        * 


•  t      i.iJ         ■>       "' 


\i,.-    .^'• 


1    .I'll-  •         >•   » 


/<    .  " 


.'t.    >        i  ' 


,.       I     -      -M-i       '■. 


»  '  -i     I..''.      ■» 


..,  ,  '!    ,•».  '•; 


.•»•.■.>  '■ 


;  .     .      .  .W 


)ICINK 

and  ip  produced  by 
rits  nitro,  or  Dovcrs' 

however,  weaken  the 
liem  inadraissable,  and 


AMATEUR  TRAININr.. 


1  .1      -.iH 

.:s...f    .  ■ 
.  It     .      ' 

;.    ^    \.  -i 


By  Amateur  Training  is  meant  those  who  follow  a  system 
of  training  without  the  aid  or  instruction  of  a  Trofessionnl 
Trainer. 

A  great  many  of  the  gentlemen  amateurs  of  to-day,  have 
not  the  time  to  spare  that  is  required  to  carry  out  a  com- 
plete and  systematic  course  of  training.  Many,  and  perhaps, 
a  large  majority  of  the  members  of  the  leading  amateur  Boat 
Clubs  of  America,  are  engaged  in  business  during  the  very 
hours  which  could  be  the  most  advantageously  devoted  to 
training ;  and  it  has  always  been  and  still  is,  a  moot  question 
with  them,  how  to  get  into  good  condition  for  a  race,  with- 
out neglecting  their  business  duties. 

To  all  such,  I  will  endeavor  to  give,  in  as  correct  detail 
as  possible,  snch  instructions  for  amateur  easy  training,  as  will 
not  certainly  make  them  the  equals  of  perfectly  trained  pro- 
fessional oarsmen,  but  of  those  of  their  own  kind,  against 
whom  only,  if  they  have  any  sense,  they  will  try  to  contend. 
If  the  members  of  the  crew  be  mechanics,  or  clerks,  or  de- 
pendents of  any  kind,  their  hours  of  business  will  not,  it 
is  to  be  supposed,  bo  longer  than  from  seven  till  seven ;   or 


22i 


TRAINIMU. 


if  any  person  chtfi-n  for  tlio  urew  Iiuh  to  work  more  hours 
than  tht'Kf,  lie  had  better  either  step  out  of  tho  urcw,  or 
else  out  of  his  aituntioii,  for  if  ho  uttempta  to  fuUfil  his 
buHini'Hs  obligatioDB.  and  ut  tlio  Bniiiu  time  bin  duly,  ua  one 
of  a  racing  crew— one  or  other,  hia  budineas  or  iiiu  boating, 
will  be  sure  to  suffer. 

In  most  of  the  Northern  States  and  Provinces,  there  in 
a  winter,  generally  a  l"ng  o»«.  >*h»«'»  >i«^>r^»  uii  exeellont 
opportunity  for  jiersons  to  keep  themselveH  in  good  healthy 
condition  and  a  state  of  muscular  development,  by  frequent 
use  of  the  duml.-belltf,  tho  horizontal  bar,  and  Indian  clubB. 
Winter  offers  this  excellent  opportunity,  becauso  at  that 
time  of  year,  out-door  sports,  excepting  those  connected  with 
tho  ice,  are  laid  on  tlie  shelf;  and  one  wl-o  iins  been  confined 
during  tho  doy  to  busiucss,  will  take  hold  of  tho  clubs  witl) 
more  pleasure  and  gusto  than  ho  would  on  a  summer  evening, 
after  having  worked  all  day  in  a  heated  office,  and  walked  tbc 
dusty  streets,  becoming  exhausted  and  unfit  for  work. 

Besides  this,  during  cold  weather,  more  animal  food,  which 
is  the  fuel  of  tho  body  is  oaten,  which,  taken  in  eonncction 
with' a  walk  home  on  a  bracing  winter  evening,  produces  an 
almost  irresistible  inclination  to  exercise,  that  is  in  direct  op- 
position to  the  feeling  of  lassitude  almost  universally  present 
in  extremly  hot  weather.  Therefore,  all  men  who  expect  to 
achieve  any  success  with  the  oar,  should  be  regular  in  their 
physical  exercise  during  the  winter  months  ;  if  tobacco  and 
liquor  are  discarded  it  will  be  so  much  the  better. 

If  a  gymnasium  is  accessible,  by  all  means  it  should  be 
resorted  to,  as  here  apparatus  may  be  found  suited  to  the 
development  of  every  portion  of  the  frame.  Tho  body 
should  be  gradually  and  cautiously  strengthened  by  judicious 


! 


e] 

P' 
ti 

tl 

ti 

w 
b( 
m 
w 
T 
nl 
or 
ac 

P< 

so 

lo 

& 

uc 
oil 
in 
af 
pr 
na 
bi 
si: 
th 


■  ■  SWSffi-^SV*''' 


II  work  uioro  hour.-* 
t  of  tho  crow,  or 
;UI)tH  to  fullfil  hiw 
le  liiH  duly.  U8  one 
cMii  ur  liiH  bouliiig, 

'rov  incus,    tlioro  is 
fforda   un  oxoclloiit 
c8  in  good  healthy 
piiicnt,  by  frequent 
r,  and  Indian  clubs. 
r,    because  at   tlint 
hose  connooted  with 
;o  hns  been  confined 
d  of  tho  clubs  with 
I  a  summer  evening. 
Bee,  and  walked  tho 
iifit  for  work. 
B  animal  food,  which 
takeu  in  connection 
vcning,  produces  an 
that  is  in  direct  op- 
univcrsally  present 
I  men  who  oxpoot  to 
be  regular  in  their 
ths  ;   if  tobacco  and 
1  the  better, 
means  it  should  be 
found  suited   to  the 
frame.      The   body 
Ithcned  by  judicious 


THArNI3IU. 


336 


exercise,  until  in  such  condition  as  to  predudi',  as  far  a^ 
poBiiblo,  the  danger  of  injuring  ones'  self  from  over  exer- 
tion ;  the  clubs,  bells  and  bars,  should  be  mainly  used  as 
tho  instrameiitH  best  calculatwt  to  develop  tho  muscular  por- 
tion of  tho  body  that  is  numt  hc lively,  engaged  in  rowing. 

If  opportunity  is  had  in  tho  gymnasium  or  elsewhere 
within  shelter,  to  indulge  in  a  regular  morning  run,  it  should 
be  taken  advantage  of,  as  this  will  contribute  greatly  to  the 
maintenance  of  health,  and  also  facilitate  every  move  to- 
wards getting  into  good  condition  for  the  summer  work. 
The  gymnastic  exorcises,  if  properly  carried  out,  will  bo 
nil  that  is  necessary  to  keep  tho  body  in  a  healthy  and  vig- 
orous condition  during  the  winter  ;  and,  tho  individual  will 
accordingly  have  not  more  than  one  half  as  much  labor  to 
perform,  in  getting  into  training  condition,  when  the  sen- 
son  opens,  as  the  man  who,  at  the  close  of  the  last  toason, 
left  off  all  active  bodily  exoroise,  and  at  tho  same  timo 
gave  himself  up  to  a  liberal  indulgence  in  tobacco  and  sp'rit- 
uous  stimulants.  As  to  the  time  at  which  gymnastic  exer- 
cises can  be  engaged  in  with  the  most  advantage — tho  even- 
ing— that  is  to  say,  commencing  not  sooner  than  one  hour 
after  tho  ovoning  meal,  has,  in  a  great  majority  of  case.^, 
proved  the  most  suitable  and  comfortable,  and  very  fortu- 
nately, also,  the  most  convenient.  However,  if  a  man's 
business  hours  are  such  as  to  give  him  leisure  from  four  to 
six  P.  M.,  he  will  certainly  derive  great  benefit  by  devoting 
that  time,  or  a  part  of  it,  to  bodily  exercise. 

As  soon  as  the  weather  is  sufficiently  pleasant  to  allow  of 
the  morning  run  being  taken  in  tho  open  air,  it  should  be 
<lone.  Bnt  while  the  morning  air  is  so  sharp  and  frosty  as 
to  produce  labored  respiration  and  oppression  of  the  lungs, 


226 


TRAINING. 


no  good,  but  serious  consequences,  might  result.  The  dis- 
tance to  be  gone  over  should,  of  course,  be  gradually  increased 
from  day  to  day,  as  also  the  pace.  I  am  well  satisfied,  from 
actual  observation,  that  a  crew  can  put  themselves  in  as  good 
condition,  as  men  claiming  to  be  amateurs  ought  to  expect 
or  desire,  and  yet  neither  neglect,  in  the  least,  their  busi- 
ness, or  incur  anything  but  a  nominal  expense.  All  clubs 
of  any  consequence  occupy  club  houses,  either  good,  bad  or 
indifferent,  in  which  the  members  meet  for  club  purposes. 

Natu-ally  enough,  a  crew  training  in  a  city  in  which  one 
man  lives  here,  another  there,  and  a  third  somewhere  else, 
meet,  during  the  time  they  are  in  training,  at  the  house  to 
do  their  crew  work  together,  or  at  least  they  do,  if  their  cap- 
tain is  a  capable  man.  and  is  resolved  to  see  that  aU  bands 

"fill  the  bill." 

Everyman,  upon  rising  in  the  morning,  takes  his  bath; 
and  if  nothing  more  elaborate,  in  the  way  of  a  bath-tub.  is  to 
be  had,  a  common  wash-tub  wiU  answer  the  purpose,  al- 
though it  may  not  be  quite  so  rapid  or  effective  a  means  as  a 
large  one,  or  a  shower  bath,  still  it  wiU  do.     Having  then 
thoroughly  drenched  himself  with  water,  he  ccmmences  the 
rubbing  down  process,  and  certainly  the  implements  made 
use  of  for  this  purpose  need  not  be  vainly  wished  for,  on 
account  of  cost.     This  completed,  he  gets  into  his  flannels, 
and  taking  a  second  suit  of  flannel  in  a  bundle  under  his  arm, 
walks  briskly  to  the  boat  house,  or  other  place  of  rendezvous ; 
where,  if  all  parties  are  on  time,  the  morning  run  commences. 
If  any  delay  is  experienced  from  tardiness  on  the  part  of  the 
crew,  or  other  cause,  he  should  keep  moving  briskly  about 
until  the  start  is  made.     As  a  matter  of  course  the  captam  of 
the  crew  wUl  prescribe  the  length  and  speed  of  the  run. 


TRAINING. 


227 


might  result.  The  dis- 
rse,  be  gradually  increased 

I  am  well  satisfied,  from 
L  put  themselves  in  as  good 
amateurs  ought  to  expect 

in  the  least,  their  busi- 
minal  expense.     All  clubs 
houses,  either  good,  bad  or 
meet  for  club  purposes, 
ling  in  a  city  in  which  one 
d  a  third  somewhere  else, 
,  training,  at  the  house  to 
t  least  they  do,  if  their  cap- 
solved  to  see  that  all  hands 

!  morning,  takes  his  bath; 
.  the  way  of  a  bath-tub,  is  to 
ill  answer  the  purpose,  al- 
sid  or  effective  a  means  as  a 
11  it  will  do.     Having  then 
;h  water,  he  ccmmences  the 
ainly  the  implements  made 
t  be  vainly  wished  for,  on 
i,  he  gets  into  his  flannels, 
lel  in  a  bundle  under  his  arm, 
or  other  place  of  rendezvous ; 
the  morning  run  commences, 
m  tardiness  on  the  part  of  the 
i  keep  moving  briskly  about 
natter  of  course  the  captain  of 
th  and  speed  of  the  run. 


All  being  in  readiness,  the  Captain  calls  his  men  to  com- 
mence the  walk,  and  the  candidate,  taking  his  place,  throws 
his  shoulders  back,  his  head  well  up,  and  steps  out  grace- 
fully and  buoyantly,  at  a  moderately  rapid  walk.  In  the 
beginning  of  training,  the  pace  should  not  be  very  rapid, 
but  in  the  middle  and  latter  stages,  after  becoming  well 
warmed  up,  the  pace  is  quickened  to  a  dog-trot,  which 
again  is  doubled,  and  so  on  until  the  "speed"  is  reached; 
the  men  always  maintaining  an  erect  posture,  so  that 
the  organs  of  respiration  may  have  full  play ;  breathing 
as  much  as  possible  through  the  nose.  The  fastest  time 
is  made  on  the  "home  stretch,"  and  the  party  should 
come  home  at  a  rattling  pace.  The  boat  house  reached,  the 
man  or  men  enter,  and  getting  where  there  is  no  draught,  im- 
mediately remove  their  outer  clothing,  after  which  the  flannel 
shirt,  which  is  of  course  wet  with  perspiration,  is  removed 
and  the  chest,  back,  and  shoulders,  rubbed  perfectly  dry  with 
a  good  coarse  towel.  The  drawers  and  stockings  are  then  re- 
moved, and  the  legs  and  feet  rubbed  in  the  same  manner,  and 
the  dry  flannels  are  donned,  after  which  the  party,  taking 
his  wet  flannels  under  his  arm,  starts  for  home,  where  he 
hangs  them  up  to  dry,  and  thus  has  them  ready  for  the  next 
morning.  He  is  then  ready  for  breakfast,  which  should  be 
prepared,  as  indeed  so  also  should  all  his  meals,  as  nearly  in 
accordance  with  the  dietary  rules  hereinbefore  contained,  as 
circumstances  will  permit.  That  the  breakfast  will  be  well 
relished  and  well  digested,  it  is  not  necessary  to  say,  and 
that  he  will  go  to  the  business  of  the  day  feeling  every  inch 
a  man,  all  who  have  tried  it  know. 

After  breakfast  he  proceeds  to  business,  which,  in  a  majori- 
ty of  cases  is  not  forsaken  until  close  on  to  the  dinner  hour. 


228 


TRAINlN'i. 


Before  partuking  of  the  noon  day  meal,  he  should  indulge 
in  a  ten  or  fifteen  minute  "pull"  with  the  clubs  or  dumb- 
bells which  will  serve  as  an  appetizer.       V 

The  dinner,  which  it  is  to  be  presumed  will  be  simple, 
plain;  and  as  nearly  as  possible  what  is  prescribed  in  this 
work,  should  be  well  masticated;  after  this  a  "siesta"  of 
fifteen  or  twenty  minutes  will  prove  beneficial,  as  serving  to 
help  on  the  digestive  process,  by  keeping  the  nund  momen- 
tarily at  rest,  as  well  as  the  body.  In  all  cases  where  the  dis- 
tance is  not  too  great,  the  party  should  walk  to  and  from  meals, 
as  all  the  out-door  walking  possible  should  be  had  during  the 
day.  It  is,  of  course,  very  seldom  that  a  crew  of  amateurs  can 
be  found,  who  can  obtain  sufficient  time  to  pull  in  the  after- 
noon, but  where  such  time  can  be  obtained,  it  will  be  one  step 
nearer  to  a  perfect  system  of  training,  and  should  certainly  be 
made  use  of. 

If  an  afternoon  pull  is  practicable,  it  may  be  taken  al- 
most any  time,  from  two  to  five,  but  after  five,  I  should 
not  advise  a  crew  of  men,  who  have  been  engaged  during 
the  day  in  business,  to  pull  before  supper,  as  any  time 
after  five  o'clock,  the  system  is  about  preparing  to  receive 
the  evening  meal  to  which  it  has  been  accustomed,  and  is 
not  in  fit  condition  to  sustain  so  liberal  a  draught  upon  its 
muscular  power,  as  that  made  in  a  pull  of  forty  or  fifty 
minutes. 

The  afternoon  pull,  then,  if  taken  at  all,  should  be  had 
within  at  least  an  hour  before  the  accustomed  time  for  sup- 
per, or  else  deferred  until  after  that  meal. 

The  candidate  can  usually  manage  to  arrive  home  a  half 
hour  before  supper  time,  and  if  ho  does  this,  and  devotes 
this  time  to  exercise  with  the  clubs  and  bells,  he   has  thus 


1,  he  should  indulge 
the  clubs  or  dunib- 

imcd  will  be  simple, 
is  prescribed  in  this 
r  this  a  "siesta"  of 
neficial,  as  serving  to 
ng  the  mind  momen- 
11  cases  where  the  dis- 
ralk  to  and  from  meals, 
Id  be  had  during  the 
,  crew  of  amateurs  can 
e  to  pull  in  the  after- 
led,  it  will  be  one  step 
nd  should  certainly  be 

it  may  be  taken  al- 
,  after  five,  I  should 
been  engaged  during 
supper,  as  any  time 
;  preparing  to  receive 
I  accustomed,  and  is 
.1  a  draught  upon  its 
pull  of  forty  or  fifty 

at  all,  should  be  had 
istomed  time  for  sup- 
neal. 

to  arrive  home  a  half 
Iocs  this,  and  devotes 
nd  bells,  he   has  thus 


TRAINING. 


229 


far  been  a  good  boy,  and   is   entitled  to  a  light  supper,  ac 
cording  to  our  rules.  1 1     >  «>- 

After  having  eaten  his  supper,  he  should  rest,  say  read, 
or  fifteen  minutes,  and  then  start  at  a  comfortable  gait,  for 
the  boat  house.  ^ 

If  perspiring,    he  should   sit  down  and   cool  off.    before 

aking  off  his  coat  to  get  into  the  boat,  as  going  out  upon 

the   river  or  lake,  ho  must  inevitably  eatch  cold,  if  in  such 

a   condition.     Having  taken  his  place  in  the  boat,  he  follows 

he  directions  laid  down  in  regard   to  rowing,  as   well  as 

those  of  the  Coxswain  or  Captain  of  the  crew 

If  the  crew  pull  -bare  "-that  is  naked  to  the  waist- 
they  will  certainly  pull  rapidly,  and  not  rest  upon  the 
water,  exposed  to  any  draughts  or  currents  of  air.  but  where 
shirts  are  worn,  many  labor  under  the  delusion  that  they 
can  lay  upon  their  oars  with  impunity,  for  any  length  of 
time  even  though  their  thin  shirts  be  dripping  wet  and  their 
heads  bare. 

It  would  scarcely  seem  necessary  to  say  anything  here  in 
regard  to  such  conduct,  more  than  to  condemn  it  as  court- 
mg  danger  which  might  easily  be  avoided  ;  and  yet  there 
are  so  many  who  pursue  this  course,  either  through  total 
want  of  common  sense,  or  for  some  incomprehensible  rea- 
son that  I  feel  justified  in  cautioning  all  persons  who 
have  any  regard  for  their  health,  to  give  no  encouragement 
to  such  a  system,  by  pulling  in  a  crew  which  follows  it  up. 

If  any  rests  are  made,  they  should  be  but  momentary,  and 
not  long  enough  to  incur  any  danger.  As  a  matter  of 
course,  such  rests  will  be  necessary,  as,  otherwise,  the 
weariness  occasioned  by  long  and  severe  pulling,  prevents 
a  crew  from  noticing  and   correcting  faults   in   their   style 


1 

n 


S 


■i.  a. 

Mi  ' 


i 


if 


230 


TRAINING- 


230 

e,U..,  .H.  mou'l.  "»y  ".^ .  ™"tnl  1     wl, ieb  .ill  .c. 
rt.  handB,    .«.  ."d  J»";"    ^""'"J.,,.  .ke  evil  c.n- 

.eneaeially  o„  .1.0  .««  ^*-  ^^J'-' ,ee  ...  of  .00. 

scqueneos.liiok  ate  K,  api 

,i,U  .hil.  the  bod,  i.  in  «  P«»P";"™j„,„     ,„g,  „,  .tor 

coding  home,    .Meh  «  •» j'':;.''''::  "LLsea,  .1..  V-V 
U„.  ,.  ..on  ..  Ita  l«'  »"''  JX,   «  the  la.e..,  by 

::riii:nif;~prHy«-"«^.»--°'"-^-- 

-rrro...a..ieed..io-.n.— ^^^ 
,„,e,a,.  laid  aown  tor  1,.  S";^'""  .^  .^^.^  ."^  „.„  ta.o 


TRAINING. 


231 


nil,  no  water  or 

ut    when  thirst 

ater,  as  well  as 
-which  will   act 

ut  the  evil  con- 
free  use  of  cool 

re  going,  or  after 
y  our  amateurs, 
loused,  the  party 
at  the  latest,  by 
r  room,  and  where 

lirections  that  are 
carry  out  a  course 
before  said,  in  as 
imatcurs  need   ex- 
trainer  will  utterly 
ito  good  condition, 
rew,  observes  what 
And  here,  indeed, 
;     Getting  men  into 
this,  I  mean  those 
I  in  a  boat's  crew, 
that,   but  who  will 
to  be  essential  work, 
1  is  the  great  'danger 
itimes,  each  member 

:ept,  as  much  as  pos- 


sible under  the  survcilancc  of  the  Captain,  who  should  bo  a 
man  of  good  judgment  and  experience,  and  one  who  will 
occasionally  "test"  his  men,  by  one  means  or  another,  in 
order  to  detect  any  defects  in  them  likely  to  lessen  their 
chances  of  winning. 

The  importance  of  observing  the  rules  of  training  should 
be  impressed  upon  all  candidates  for  the  position  of  oarsman 
in  a  racing  crew,  as  flunking,  or  soldiering,  has  more  than 
once  spoiled  a  race  for  what  was,  in  reality,  the  best 
crew. 


^iirfiSM* 


■Ji 


DIGESTIBILITY  OF  FOOD. 


KIND    OF    FOOD. 

Cucumbers, 

Turnips, 

Milk, 

Cabbage, 

Apples. 

Potatoes, 

Fish,    . 

Venison, 

Pork,  . 

Veal,  . 

Beef,  . 

Poultry, 

Mutton, 

Wheat  bread, 

Corn 

Beans, 

Rice, 

Butter  and  Oils, 

Sugars  and  Syrups, 


now 

PREPARED. 

Raw,  . 
Boiled, . 
Fresh,  . 
Boiled, . 
Raw, 
Boiled, 
Broiled, 
(t 

Roasted, 


Baked, 

(( 

Boiled, 


am't  of 
nutrim't. 

,    2  per  ct. 

4  " 

,     7  " 

.     7  " 

.   10  " 

.    13  " 

.    -20  " 

'I'l  " 

.   'H  " 

.   25  " 

.   26  " 

.27  " 

.   30      " 

.    80      " 

.   80      " 

.    87      " 

.    88      " 

.   96      " 

.   96      " 


TIMK  TO 
DIGKST. 

3.30 

2.15 

4.30 

1.50 

2.30 

2.00 

1.30 

.5.15 

4.00 

3.30 

2.45 

3.15 

3.30 

3.30 

2.30 

1.30 

1.00 

3.30 

3.30 


OOD. 


im't  ok 

TIMK  TO 

utuim't. 

DIGBST. 

2  per  ct. 
4      " 

3.30 

2.15 

7      " 

4.30 

7      " 

1.50 

10      " 

2.30 

13      " 

2.00 

20      " 

1.30 

22      " 

5.15 

2-1      " 

4.00 

25      " 

3.30 

26      " 

2.45 

27      " 

3.15 

30      " 

3.30 

80      " 

8.8C^ 

80      " 

2.80 

87      " 

1.30 

88      " 

1.00 

96      " 

3.30 

96      " 

3.30 

DIGESTIBILITY  Or  FOOD. 


(Digestibility  of  Food — Continued. ) 


mm 

KIND  OF  FOOD. 

PREPARED. 

Pigs'  Feet, 

.     Soused, 

Tripe,          .        . 

11 

J'^ggs — whipped,  . 

Raw, 

Trout — salmon — frcsii 

Boiled, 

"           <<            11 

.     Fried, 

Sago,  . 

.     Boiled,        . 

Tapioca, 

(  ( 

Mutton — fresh,    . 

Broiled, 

Corn-Cake, 

.     Baked, 

Pork  Steak, 

Broiled, 

JIutton — fresh,   . 

Roasted, 

Bread — wheat,    . 

Fresh-bak'd. 

Eggs — fresh, 

Hard-boiled . 

Beef, 

Fried  . 

Veal— fresh, 

Broiled, 

Fowls — domestic. 

Roasted, 

Beef— old  hard  salted, . 

Boiled, 

Ducks — wild,      . 

Roasted, 

Cabbage,   . 

Boiled, 

Pork — fat  and  lean,    . 

Roasted, 

Bread — wheat,  . 

Baked, 

Liver— beef,  fresh. 

Broiled, 

Eggs — raw,      ' 

Broiled, 

Cabbage — raw, . 

Vinegar, 

Milk, 

Raw,    . 

Milk, 

Boiled, 

Eggs — fresh,     . 

Roasted, 

233 


TIME  TO 
DIGEST. 

1.00 

1.00 

Ida 
tm 

IJO 

1.45 

2.00 

3.00 

3.00 

3.15 

3.15 

3.30 

3.30 

4.00 

4.00 

4.00 

4.15 

4.30 

4.30 

5.15 

3.30 

2.00 

2.00 

2.00 

2.15 

2.00 

2.15 


^fj 


234 


BIGKSTIBItHY   0»    »00D. 

(Digestibility  of  Food-Continued.) 


KIND  0»  FOOD. 

Turkey — wild,  . 

Turkey — tame, . 

Turkey — tame,  . 

Goose — wild,     . 

Lamb — frosli,    . 

Parsnips,  . 
Potatoes,  . 
Cabbage — bead. 
Chicken— full-grown, 
Ueef— with  salt  only, 
Eggs — fresh,     . 
Bass— striped,  fresh, 
Ueef— fresh,  lean, 


HOW 
FRXPARED. 

Boasted, 

Boiled, 

Boasted, 

Boasted, 

Broiled, 

Boiled, 

Boasted, 

Baw,     • 

Fricasseed,    . 

Boiled, . 

Boiled  salt,    • 

Boiled, 

Bare-Boasted 


n  I  m 


TROUBLES  IN  TRAINING. 


BOILS. 


The  process  of  training,  drives  out  all  the  impurities  from 
the  system,  and  in  so  doing  develops  what  are  called  boila. 
These  result  from  decomposition  of  cellular  membrane  and  in- 
flammation beneath  the  surface  of  the  cuticle.  The  decom- 
posed portion  has  to  slough  off,  and  seems  to  exert  a  poisonous 
influence  on  surrounding  parts,  which  interferes  with  the  pro- 
cess of  absorption,  and  creates  a  circle  of  rod  callous  skin,  usu- 
ally painful,  around  the  dead  part. 

In  most  cases  the  boil  remains  stationary  for  some  time, 
and  if  it  becomes  thick,  impedes  the  circulation  in  the  interior 
of  the  circle. 

The  best  mode  of  removing  these  is  either  to  divide  them 
with  a  knife,  or  to  apply  a  stimulating  poultice,  of  a  greasy 
nature,  like  flaxseed.  This  produces  a  healthy  suppuration 
and  granulation,  and  causes  a  renewal  of  the  part. 

But  the  sensitiveness  of  the  part  affected,  is  usually  so 
great  as  to  make  it  almost  impossible  to  use  the  knife,  and 
where  this  is  the  case,  a  mercurial  and  opiate  plaster 
spread  on  leather  should  be  used. 

The  combined  effect  of  this  is  to  stimulate  and  relieve,  but 


V  .1 


II 


030  TBAININO. 

^  removal  of  tho  cauBO-that  ib  a  temporary  ccBsation  of  work 
will  bo  nocoBsary  to  effoet  a  cure.     For  thoBO  who  arc  subject 
.0  boilB.  fifteen  grainH  nitrate  silver  dissolved  -n"  -"-  ° 
water,  will  often  prove  a  good  preventive.     Th.s  should  bo 
painted  over  the  part  predisposed  to  boils,  every  n.ght.     It 
blackens  the  skin  but  will  cause  no  unpleasantness. 


CIIAPPINO. 

Men  who  pull  early  and  late  in  tho  season  often  experience 
inconvenience  from  this  affection  in  hands  or  feet 

The  remedies  for  this  are  very  numerous  and  common  y 
known.  A  mixture  of  glycerine  and  honey  is  mfalhble.  or 
the  glycerine  alone  will  generally  prove  effective         _  .  ^ 

The  mode  of  application  is  to  simply  rub  the  glyeer.ne  over 
the  part  troubled,  and  leave  it  on  over  night. 

BU8TBKS  OU  WATER  BOILS. 

•  \      -        ■    ' 

Tho»  »».Ily  occur  from  getting  the  hand.  .-...  or  arc  to 
b.  t„«.,a  «po«  p.lm.  th..  .re  .oft  and  .nu.ed  to  l,.rd  Ulor 
Z  kJer  bL.«  of  i..elf,  collodion  Aonld  bo  appbed  .* 
a  brn.K  it  the  part,  doc.  not  object  to  .be  p..n^  Jb 
.henld  be  renewed  about  tbreo  timce  a  day  »»<■'  ''«  *;° 

rr„Ttr':ld'rle  ll  Vuen  .b.  e«o„ 

.LTto.  mneb  pain,  apply  a  .bin  layer  of  mcdreated  eo«o» 

under  a  Wd  glo,e,  or  if  preferred,  very  "^  P"„^, 

arable;  of  e.ur»,  it  i.  bo.t  not  to  ,m  while  the  band ,. 


TUAININU. 


■ccBsationofwork, 
go  who  art  subject 
ed  in  imo  ounce  of 
I.  This  should  bo 
I,  every  night.  It 
santncfis. 


tender  from  blisters,  but  if  it  becomes  absolutely  necessary,  a 
glove  should  bo  temporarily  worn,  no  matter  what  the  reme- 
dy used.  The  hands  should  not  bo  wot  or  washed  for  twenty, 
four  hours  after  the  application  of  any  remedy.  When  a 
blister  forms,  and  before  it  comes  to  a  head,  or  bursts,  it 
should  be  pricked  with  a  needle,  and  pressed,  and  this 
should  be  repeated  as  often  as  the  blister  forms  This  ex- 
cludes the  air  and  allows  time  for  the  scarf  skin  to  form. 


ion  often  experience 

I  or  feet. 

rous  and  commonly 

oncy  is  infallible,  or 

iffcotive.  r 

ub  tho  glycerine  over 

light. 


>I1.8. 

hands  wet,  or  arc  to 
unused  to  hard  labor, 
should  bo  applied  with 
;t  to  the  pain.     This 
I  day  until  the  skin  is 
lave  seen  one  of  these 
oportions,  and  prevent 
When  the  collodion 
or  of  medicated  cotton 
y  finely  pulverized  gum 
row  while  the  hand  is 


*,  ( 


.-e  f'**       '     .t.'j"  li-^  , 


*  '■!      'f* 


h.i 


%     ''t*  1.",    p 

'*H'»   '.                                      ,.'  .,;,  .  ,.  1;    .,   ; 

•:     .     iv"'    ".      •:'<.,  •     -*  i  ,    S  I  l.tf         '1,   , 

■"       .     '  t   ,W  '    I       I 


S ' 


TRAINING  NOT  INJURIOUS. 


,e„a  ta  tor  «  n-*^;  "y;-:;.,,  „  ^  .H.  »»,  but  incline 
.„  ft,  opmon  that  """J  j'"  "       .      „f    ^,^„,  ,ho  were 

.  jrltten  *.  »...  r..-  c.nsti«i.n,  ».y  »- 
For  instance,  it  after  Having 

p.«„i  .0  .  d,.ngM  ,bilo  chanpng  b..  J^-;-^;;  »^  ,,  ^, 

Ldered  .1,  tb.t  in  tb.  con...  ot  .  &'  •'"I" 

backing  «nd  ccgb™*  , .       j„  mentioned, 

.^bt'Li:::;!:.,^-"^ 


a  boat-race. 


^..— *...«T«'"*~''*~~""""*"' 


_i 


mous. 


onstitution  and  loss  of 
10  follow  a  systematic 
cises.  of  one  kind  or 
when  training  is  perse- 
bo  tho  case,  but  incline 
lis  statement  have  been 
g  of  persons  who  were 
r  while  training  for,  or 

a  person  of  delicate,  or 
it  constitution,  may  in- 

ireful. 

in  his  morning  run  and 
srspiration,  he  stands  cx- 
ia  flannels,  it  is  not  to  be 
a  few  weeks  he  is  heard 

ill  seldom  be  mentioned, 
lost  health  in  training  for 


TRAININO. 

Or  again  if  the  party  starts  for  a  run  on  a  cool,  frosty  morn- 
ing and  is  so  taken  with  the  "bracing"  character  of  tho 
atmosphoro,  as  to  put  in  his  "  loudest"  for  a  couple  of  miles, 
ho  need  not  wonder  if  he  shall  oven  raise  a  little  blood  at  tho 
finish ;  but  all  this  does  not  prove  that  training  is  in  any  way 
injurious,  but  merely  that  the  candidate  himself  has  not  been 
judicious  in  his  practice. 

But  is  not  this  same  thing  happening  every  day  in  tho 
year,  to  persons  engaged  in  every  imaginable  pursuit  ?  Do 
not  all  classes  of  persons  expose  themselves  daily,  in  the  most 
reckless  manner  while  engoged  in  business,  and  pleasures  of 
various  kinds  ?  And  the  result  of  this  exposure  can  be  seen 
in  tho  mortuary  reports  of  the  various  cities. 

But  it  may  bo  said  that  the  oldest  and  most  experienced 
of  our  athletes  and  trainers,  have  deteriorated  and  waxed 
weak,  while  yet  young.  I  know  of  no  instance  of  tho  kind, 
and  do  not  believe  that  any  such  case  exists.  That  is  to  say, 
I  do  not  believe  that  any  man  ever  lost  strength  of  body  or 
mind,  from  having  trained  too  often  for  contests,  where  such 
oounw  of  training  was  not  followed  by  a  course  of  dissipation, 
or  where  disease  was  not  contracted  by  careless  exposure. 
The  idea  that  because  a  man  is  brought  somewhat  nearer  to  a 
state  of  physical  perfection,  by  what  is  styled  "artificial" 
means,  than  he  usually  is  in,  he  must,  upon  ceasing  the  use 
of  those  means,  or  continuing  to  use  them  beyond  a  certain 
time,  Bufiier  a  decrease  of  physical  power  proportioned  to  the 
increase  obtained  thereby,  is  ridiculous 

But  here  is  what  an  eminent  physiologist  says  upon  the 
subject :  "  The  ordinary  belief  that  the  athlotio  constitu- 
tion cannot  be  long  maintained,  appears  to  have  no  founda- 
tion ;  nor  does  it  appear  that  any  ultimate  injury  results 


1.^  1 


i* 


■t...  i.».'4g,'fjato.<.i!  J'ii.«l'.,l-,A'i;r-- •' 


240 


TRAINING. 


from  the  system  being  persevered  in  for  some   time.     That 
trained  men  often  fall  into  bad  health  on  the  cessation  of  the 
plan,  is  probably  owing  in  part  to  the  intemperance  and 
other  bad  habits,  of  the  class  usually  subjected  to  this  dis- 
cipline.    The  effects  of  trainers'  regimen  are  hardness  and 
firmness  of  the  muscles,  clearness  of  the  skin,  capability  of 
bearing  continued  severe  exercise,  and  a  feeling  of  freedom 
and  lightness,  (or  'corkiness,')  in  the  limbs.     During  the 
continuance  of  the  system,  it  is  found  that  the  body  recovers, 
with  wonderful  facility,  from  the  effects  of  injuries ;  wounds 
heal  very  rapidly ;  and  cutaneous  eruptions  usually  disap- 

^'ciearncssandvigor  of  mind.  also,  are  stated  to  be  the 
results  of  this  plan  ;  and  it  is  probable  that  where  persever- 
ing attention  and  intense  application  are  necessary,  a  modi- 
fication of  this  system,  in  which  due  allowance  should  be 
made  for  the  diminished  quantity  of  exercise,  would  be  found 
advantageous.  The  method  of  training  employed  by  Jack- 
son, a  celebrated  trainer  of  prize-fighters,  as  deduced  from 
his  answers  to  questions  put  to  him  by  John  BeU,  was  to 
begin  on  a  clear  foundation,  by  an  emetic  and  two  or  three 

purges.        ni:?  r,!  i  i  ;  .  i.       J 

Beef  and  mutton,  the  lean  of  fat  meat  being  preferred 
constituted  the  chief  food.     Veal,  lamb,  and  pork,  were  said 
to  be  less  digestible,  ('the  last  purges  some  men.'  ") 

Fish  was  said  to  be  "  a  watery  kind  of  diet,"  and  em- 
ployed only  by  jockeys,  who  wished  to  reduce  weight  by 
sweating.  Stale  bread  was  the  only  vegetable  food  aUowed. 
The  quantity  of  fluid  permitted  was  3  1-2  pints  per  diem ; 
but  fermented  Uquors  were  strictly  forbidden.  Two  full 
meals,  with  a  light  supper,  were  usually  taken.     The  quan- 


ir  some  time.     That 
m  the  cessation  of  the 
;he  intemperance  and 
subjected  to  this  dis- 
len  are  hardness  and 
the  skin,  capability  of 
a  feeling  of  freedom 
,e  limbs.     During  the 
hat  the  body  recovers, 
ts  of  injuries ;  wounds 
iptions  usually  disap- 

arc  stated  to  be  the 
le  that  where  persever- 
ire  necessary,  a  modi- 
)  allowance  should  be 
lercise,  would  be  found 
ng  employed  by  Jack- 
hters,  as  deduced  from 
)y  John  Bell,  was,  to 
metic  and  two  or  three 

t  meat  being  preferred, 
jb,  and  pork,  were  said 
iS  some  men.' ") 
rind  of  diet,"  and  em- 
[  to  reduce  weight  by 
vegetable  food  allowed. 
I  3  1-2  pints  per  diem ; 
y  forbidden.  Two  full 
ually  taken.     The  quan- 


TRAINIKO. 


241 


t.ty  of  cxorc.se  employed,   was  very  considerable,  and  such 

as  f  w  men   of  ordinary  strength  could  endure.     This  ac- 

unt  expends  very  much  with  that  which  Hunter  gave^f 

long  rl^"^"^^"  ^"^'-«'  -'-  ^'-^  *o  -  ou!  on  a 

were  U  de  med  necessary,  but  it  is  not,  in  my  opinion  a 
every  one  likely  to  enter  upon  active  training,   wiU  klw 
en^gMo  take  care  of  himself   then,  as    weL 

No  one  need  ever  refrain  from  fear  of  injury,  from  going 
nto  trammg  because  he  has  trained  so  many  times  before  af 

LT7  T    ^^."-^^  ^'-  -tinuous  or  successive  train  ng 
i«  beyond  a  possibility,  ^' 


16 


■sMixmti 


Miscellaneous. 


BOAT-BUILDING.    BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 

R'-'  'NG  RULES,  DICTIONARY 

OP'  TERMS,  ETa 


BOAT-BUILDING. 


SINGLE  SCULL  BOATS. 


!& 


P>.»k  is  « J^  :„  i"  °V  ""'•  ""■»«'  '•!».    Th. 

In  the  middle,  where  the  man  aifa    th.      • 
about    five  inches  deep    so  That  th  /'  '  ^"'^^°"'^ 

about  ten.  inches  deep  ^        '"'  ^''^  ''^^^^  ^ 

tack,  the  knees  also  be    ";  1    l  ""  ""'^  ^''"'^''^- 

*-.  Which  is  ve:,ii;:!X^^^^ 

oil  su:  Xrzrt  'r'  ^-i  -''  ^^^'^  -«""•  - 

tight.  "  *'^'"  ^""^^^"^  and  made  water- 


246 


BOAT-BUILDING. 


A  DOUBLE  SOULL 

l8  constructed  upon  the  same  principles,  but  a  slightly  dif- 
ferent model,  being  a  little  deeper  ana  longer.  Tbe  length 
of  a  single  scull  race  boat  is  from  thirty  to  thirty-two  feet,  by 
twelve  or  fourteen  inches  beam  ;  that  of  a  scull  boat  for  prac- 
tice or  pleasure,  should  be  twenty-eight  or  thirty  feet  long, 
bv  from  eighteen  to  twenty-two  inches  wide. 

A  double  scull  boat  should  not  be  less  than  sixteen  inches 
wide,  by  from  thirty-two  to  thirty-five  feet  long ;  s.::  inches 
deep  forward,  five  inches  deep  aft,  and  eleven  inches  in  the 
middle,  where  the  rowers  sit.  The  material  used  for  cover- 
ing a  two  pair  is  the  same  as  for  a  single. 

The  rowlocks  used  for  single  and  double  scull  boats,  are 
made  from  either  three  eighths  round  iron,  or  three  eighths 
pipe  for  the  braces,  and  by  being  galvanized,  will  keep  better 
?rom  getting  rusty.  The  pipe*owlocks  are  only  one  half  a» 
heavy  as  the  solid  iron  ones,  and  are  in  every  way  sufficiently 

"Th^e  solid  iron  rowlocks  cost  about  five  dollars  each,  the 
pipe  costing  double  that  sum,  as  it  is  double  the  work  to 

make  them.  ,  ,    , 

A  single  or  double  scull  boat  should  have  the  rowlocks 
spread  about  five  feet,  to  row  nine  feet  six  inch  sculls,  but  if 
the  sculls  are  made  light,  a  man  can  row  with  ten  feet  sculls, 
and  if  rowing  cross-handed,  ten  feet  four  inch-sculls  may  even 

be  used.  ,      ,  ^       x   „# 

The  sculls  used  now-a-days  are  made,  for  the  most  part  of 

spruce  timber,  which  is  lighter  and  stronger  than  pine  ;  and  as 


at  a  slightly  dif- 
er.  Tlie  lengtb 
irty-two  feet,  by 
ill  boat  for  prac- 
thirty  feet  long, 

an  sixteen  incbefr 
long ;  sis  inchea 
ven  inches  in  the 
il  used  for  cover- 

5  BCuU  boats,  ar© 
or  three  eighth* 
,  will  keep  better 
)  only  one  half  a» 
ry  way  sufficiently 

dollars  each,  the 
)uble  the  work  te 

have  the  rowlocks 
i.  inch  sculls,  but  if 
irith  ten  feet  sculls, 
nch-sculls  may  even 

or  the  most  part,  of 
er  than  pine  ;  and  as 


BOAT-BDILDINO. 


247 


for  the  stylo,  spoon  blades  are  now  mostly  altogether  u.ed  as 
they  hold  the  water  better  than  the  plain  blade. 

When  a  man  pulls  cross-handed,  he  requires  a  button  on 
his  oar  to  keep  it  from  slipping  outboard  ;  this  is  made  of 
leather,  and  is  secured  by  nails,  and  should  be  put  on  with  a 
slant  or  curve,  so  that  there  is  no  jam  to  the  oar  in 
reaching. 

FOUR-OARED  BOATS. 

Four-oared  Racing  Shells  are  from  nineteen  to  twenty-two 
inches  wide,  seven  inches  deep  forward,  and  six  inches  deep 
aft,  and  thirty-five  to  forty  feet  long,  with  a  wash-board 
where  the  rowers  sit. 

The  outriggers  on  a  four,  are  about  twenty  inches  out- 
board,  are  made  of  one  half-inch  round  iron  or  one-half  inch 
pipe,  the  rowlocks  costing,  solid,  five,  and  pipe  ten  doUare 
each. 


A  SIX  OAR 

Is  from  nineteen  to  twenty-two  inches  wide,  and  from 
forty-five  to  fifty-two  feet  long,  seven  and  a  half  inches  deep 
forward,  and  six  and  a  half  aft.  and  about  twelve  inches 
deep  amidship,  where  the  oarsmen  sit. 

The  rowlocks  are  the  same  as  in  a  four,  and  the  oars  now 
used  are  mostly  spoon  fashion,  and  should  be  in  fours  and 
sixes,  about  twelve  and  a  half  to  thirteen  feet  long. 

Shell  boats  are  sometimes  manufactured  on  a  large  n-odel 
and  called   clinker-built,  or   lapstreak  shell.,  but   they^  are 
heavier  than  a  smooth  work  shell,  and  not  "so  fast 


248 


DOAT-DUILDINO. 


A  WHITEHALL  BOAT 

Is  a  smooth  work  boat,  nineteen  feet  long,  pulling  four 
oars  or  two  pair  sculls,  with  oak  timbers,  plunked  with 
about  six  inch  boards,  oak  kool  and  caulked  scams,  and  oak 
gunwale. 

A  hipstrcak,  or  clinker-built  boat  is  made  of  boards,  six 
inch  wide,  planked  six  on  a  side,  the  timbers  being  put  in 
aft4jr  the  boat  is  planked  \\p. 

There  is  no  such  boat  in  this  country  as  an  in-riggod ; 
if  they  are  not  out-rigged,  they  are  what  is  correctly 
termed  gunwale    rigged,    with    thowle    pins   through    tho 

gunwale. 

They  sometimes  make  an  outrigger  out  of  bent  wood, 
but  it  takes  almost  as  much  iron  to  brace  tho  wood,  88  to 
make  it  of  iron  entire. 

Lapstreak  and  Whitehall  boats  are  made  of  oak  and  whito 
cedar,  tho  shells  being  made  of  Spanish  cedar  and  hack- 
matack. 

Ash  oars  and  sculls  are  cheaper  than  spruce,  on  account  of 
having  a  plain  blade,  which  enables  them  to  be  made  by 
machinery,  while  the  spruce  spoon  blade  has  to  be  made  of 
heavy  timber,  dug  out  by  hand. 

A  beginner  who  will  learn  to  row  with  spoon  sculls,  will 
become  so  much  attached  to  them  as  never  to  change. 


long,  pulling  four 
its,  plunked  with 
cd  scams,  and  oak 

ide  of  boards,  six 
bora  being  put   in 

f  as  an  in-riggod  ; 
what  is  correctly 
pins   through    tho 

out  of  bent  wood, 
)  tho  wood,  tea  to 

lo  of  oak  and  whito 
li  eedar  and  haok- 

)ruce,  on  account  of 
m  to  be  made  bjr 
has  to  be  made  of 

h  spoon  sculls,  will 
rer  to  change. 


■iMHI 


PAPER   BOATS. 


_  Among  the  many  peculiarly  American  ideas,  so  prevalent 
a  tho  present  t,me.  the  very  Yankee  notion  of  constructing 
b^^  out  of  paper,  is  deserving  of  special  notice,  as  bearing 
partacularly  upon  the  subject  matter  of  this  work.     Many 

Tir^-  T.  ""I'"'  ""  ''"'''  '"' '''  ''''  *•-•  *»>»*  there 
«  estabhshed  ,n  th.s  country  a  large  manufactory,  which  has 

been  .„  successful  operation  about  three  years,  and  >^hich 
turns  out  annually,  large  numbers  of  beautifuHy  filhed 
p  easure  and  racing  boats,  of  all  si.es.  But  such  is' the  case 
and  the  favor  w.th  which  these  boats  are  received  by  the  oars! 
men  of  Amenca,  would  seem  to  indicate  that  they  will  final- 
ly be  un.versa]y  adopted,  not  only  by  Boat  Clubs;  for  racing 
purposes,  but  by  sportsmen,  for  hunting  and  fishing,  and  by 
the  proprietors  of  watering  places  for  pleasure  rowing 

heard  f  ,  boats,  if  any  there  be.  may  comprehend  their 
m  de  of  eons  trucfon  and  availability  for  different  purposes.  I 
w:llg.ve  a  short  desoriptioa  of  the  moans  by  which  bo  ts 
are  constructed  out  of  paper.  '-"  "oats 


250 


PAPER    BOATH. 


I„  18G7.  Mr.  Ocu.  A.  WaterH.  «lulo  experimenting  ^vith  pa- 
per, conceived  the  idea  of  so  preparing  it.  that  it  could  bo  r-oud- 

L  over  formH  in  single  sheets,  so  as  to  make  a  very  strong, 
durable,   and  useful  boat.     In  18«H.  l>e  and  iu«  ia  her.  Mr 
EUsha  Waters,  of  Troy,  New  York,  took  out  patents  lor  th  b 
purpose,   in  the  United  States   and  England,     boon  r 

Lrds.  a  company  was  loru.ed  under  the  name  of  Waters. 
Llch  &  Co.;  consisting  of  Mr.  Elisha  Waters.  Col.  G  o^ 
T  Balch  late  of  the  U.  S.  Ordnance  Department,  and  tLo 
two  sons  of  Mr.  Waters,  for  the  manufacture  of  paper  boat., 

^^Xir;£;is«Uuatedon  the  banks  of  theH^on 
River,  about  a  mile  above  the  City  of  Troy,  near  the  State 
Dam      The  slack-water  created  by  this  dam  extends  back 
nearly  five  miles,  making  one  of  the  finest  boating  courses  m 
the  country.     Over  this  course  every  boat  js  tested  by  the 
Boat  Club  composed  of  Mr.  Waters  and  '"« --^-"''^^ 
bave   become  experts  in   their   handsome   shell,    m  ^h^h 
they  exercise  every  week.     Great  ™P— "^^.^J^^^^T 
recently  made  in  the  preparation  of  the  paper,  which  enable, 
rmanufacturers  to  prepare  the  sheets  of  any  re,u.ed  «.« 
and  thickness  suitable  for  a  great  variety  "^  ^oats.  wbde  U 
is  absolutely  impervious  to  the  action  of  water,  and  mueH 
stronger,  lighter,  and  tougher,  than  any  wood. 

The  method  of  designing  and  modeling  paper,  boats,  re- 
quires high  mathematical  knowledge  and  rare  mechamcal 
Zl,  to  secure  the  proper  lines  and  proportions,  and  balance. 

%rpi;tr  sheets  are  moulded  over  wooden  forms,  in  a 
„.oist  state  and  when  dried,  are  taken  off  in  a  single  piece 
:ilut  joint  or  seam  on  either  outer  or  inner  surface,  and 


PAPBK   BOATS. 


261 


imcnting  with  pa- 
it  could  bo  r'ould- 
,ko  a  very  strong, 
1  liis  lather,  Mr. 
n\  patents  lor  this 
iiid.     Soon   aftor- 
naine  of  Waters, 
^'uters,  Col.  Geo. 
partinent,  and  thfr 
iro  of  paper  boati, 

iks  of  the  Hudson 
)y,  near  the  State 
dam  extends  back 
,  boating  ooursea  ia 
it  is  tested  by  tho 
his  workmen,  who 
ne   shell,    in  which 
ivemonts  have  been 
japcr,  which  enable* 
of  any  required  sieo 
ty  of  boats,  while  it 
of  water,  and  much 
I  wood. 

ig  paper  boats,  re- 
md  rare  mechanical 
)ortionB,  and  balance, 

wooden  forms,  in  a 
off  in  a  single  piece, 
or  inner  surface,  and 


I 


thus  causing  tlio  least  possiblo  friction,  for  easy  and  rapid  pas- 
Bago  through  tho  water.  Tho  Hkin  and  decks  arc  made  of 
tho  strongrat  paper  which  can  bo  manufactured,  moulded  into 
the  modol  desired  on  solid  fc.rma  of  wood,  tlio  exact  shape 
and  size  of  tho  required  boat ;  supported  luid  kept  in  shape 
by  a  framework  of  ligl.t  wood,  and  Knishod  up  witii  fittings  of 
wood  and  metal  in  tho  usual  manner.  The  paper  skin  is  finish- 
ed witli  liard  varnislics,  and  presents  a  solid,  horny  and  perfect- 
ly smooth  surface  to  the  action  of  tho  water,  unbroken  by  joint, 
lap,  or  .scam  from  stem  to  stern.  This  surface  can  bo  pol- 
ished as  smooth  as  a  mirror,  if  desired;  it  canrtot  bo  cracked 
or  split  like  wood,  no  ordinary  degree  of  heat  or  cold 
affects  its  shape  or  hardness ;  hence  these  boats  are  admir- 
ably adapted  for  use  in  all  climates. 

All  the  shell  boats  are  provided  with  compartments  in  the 
fore  and  after  bodies,  which  are  strictly  air  and  water-tight : 
these  increase  the  buoyancy  of  the  boat  ;  the  cockpit  is  only 
largo  enough  to  accomodate  the  load,  and  hence  can  ship  but 
little  water.  The  boats  preserve  their  rigidity  and  shape,  and 
retain  their  original  underwater  lines  more  perfectly  than 
any  shell  boats  ever  made,  and  they  gain  no  weight  by  use. 
The  kind  of  material  used  for  the  skin  of  tho  boat,  enables 
the  manufacturers  to  produce  underwater  lines  which  cannot 
be  produced  in  wooden  shells,  except  they  be  worked  out  of 
the  solid  wood,  and  even  where  this  is  practicable,  it  is  found 
almost  impossible  to  keep  such  lines  in  their  original  form 
for  any  length  of  time. 

Tho  experience  of  over  three  years,  and  the  constant  im- 
provements which  the  manufacturers  have  been  making  in 
their  work,  has  enabled  them  to  overcome  the  objections  made 
to  some  of  their  first  boats,  and  to  add  a  finish  of  construction 


i  I 


: 


251! 


PAPBIl    BOATS. 


which  all  narsinon  will  npijrcciuto.  In  their  shells  thoj  pay 
pnrticuliir  nttuntion  to  tl.o  perfect  air  and  water-tightness  of 
the  conipartnieiits ;  to  the  convenient  and  firm  adjustment  of  tho 
foot  brueen  which  is  a  great  point  in  itself,  and  to  tho  stiff- 
ness of  the  hulls  in  boats  of  light  weight.  The  gigs  and  canoes 
fur  li.ihing  and  travelling  arc  built  after  the  best  models  used 
at  the    North  und  South,  and  form  a  distinctive  feature  of 

their  business.  » 

For  tiie  construction  of  hunting  or  fishing  boats,  a  light  and 
strong  frame  of  wood  is  prepared,  composed  of  from  ton  to 
fifteen  pair  of  ribs  and  suitable  stem  and  stern  pieces,  out 
from  the  natural  crooks  of  hackmatack  roots.  These  arc 
firmly  framed  to  two  gunwales,  each  composed  of  a  single 
piece  of  clear  spruce,  and  to  a  pine  kelson  extending  tho 
length  of  the  floor  of  the  boat,  tho  whole  forming,  when  in  po- 
sition, tho  skeleton  shape  of  tho  desired  model.  , 

Over  this  frame,  and  inscperably  attached  to  it,  is  stretched 
a  paper  skin,  from  an  eighth  to  three-sixtccnthi  of  an  inoh 
thick,  made  from  now,  unbleached  linen  stock.  This  paper 
is  made  impervious  to  water,  and  then  covered  inside  and  out- 
side with  a  hard  clastic  varnish,  presenting  to  tho  water,  a 
surface  so  smooth  that-  tho  friction,  when  tho  boat  is.  in  mo- 
tion, is  tho  very  least  attainable.  The  stem  and  stern  posts 
aro  protected  by  galvanized  iron  or  brass,  and  bcckets  are  at- 
tached, by  which  the  boat  may  bo  drawn  in  either  direction. 
Strips  aro  attached  to  the  bottom  to  protect  it  from  wear  in 
hauling  it  upon  shore,  and  wale  strips  of  ash  pratect  the  up- 
per edges  from  wear  or  abrasion. 

These  boats  aro  so  constructed  as  to  afford  great  roomi- 
ness to  a  hunter  for  stowing  hia  traps,  steadiness,  safety 
and  speed.      Tho  wooden  boats,  after  which  these  have  been 


I 


ssM^ma 


I'APBR    OOATS. 


268 


sir  Bhclls  thoy  pay 
water-tiglitncHfl  of 
n  adjustment  of  the 
f,  anil  to  tlio  stiff- 
'hc  gigs  and  canncs 

0  boHt  niodclH  used 
tinctivo  feature  of 

;  bonta,  a  light  and 
sod  of  from  ton  to 

1  stern  pioeea,  cut 
roots.  ThcBO  arc 
npusod  of  a  singlo 
Ison  extending  tho 
)rming,  when  in  po- 
odel.  , 

id  to  it,  is  stretched 
xtecnthi  of  an  inoh 
stock.  This  paper 
^ercd  inside  and  out- 
ing to  tho  water,  a 
n  tho  boat  is.  in  mo- 
item  and  stern  posts 
and  bcckets  are  at- 
in  either  direction. 
>tect  it  from  wear  in 
'  ash  pratect  the  up- 

afford  great  roomi- 
3,  stcudiuess,  safety 
hich  ti.esc  have  been 


I 


modeled,  have  been  in  use  for  over  ton  years,  and  are  pro- 
nounced by  the  first  l.uutnrs  in  the  country,  the  best  Hport- 
ing  boats  nmnufacturcd  from  wood,  and  excelled  only  by 
those  manufttcturcd  of  paper. 

With  fishing  and    hunting,   however,  we   have  nothit.g  to 
do,  and  this  department  of  the  business  has  only  been  jjuss- 
ingly  mentioned,   as  sh..wing  the  variety    of  craft  manufac- 
tured by  this  firm.     To  presume  that  wooden  boats   are  to 
be  done  away  with  in  a  year,  would   bo    unreasonable,  m 
time   is  required  to  work  such   a  change  as  the   total   abo- 
lition  of    wooden  racing   and  pleasure    boats,    but   if   any 
evidence  is  wanted  to  show   that    Paper    Boats   are   every 
day  gaining  popularity,  it  can  be  found  by  referring  to  tho 
accounts  of  prominent   races  pulled    during  the   past  three 
years,  in  a  majority  of  which  paper  boats  were  used  by  the 
most  noted  crews  and  oarsmen,  both  professional  and  ama- 
teur.    They  were  pulled  by  tho  winners  of  fourteen  matched 
races,  in  18G8,  twenty-six  match  races  during  the  season  of 
1869,  (their  second  year  in  use.)  and  fifty  in  1870— and 
they  are  to  be  found  dotting  many    a   lake  and  river,  from 
Maine   to   Mexico.     It   has  been  said   by  some  prominent 
American   oarsmen,  who   are  prejudiced  against  this   class 
of  boats,  that  they  are  a   fraud,  a  failure,    and   what    not, 
and  that  thoy  never  can  compete  with   wooden  boats,  etc., 
etc.,  but  the  records  of  the  races  belie  these  assertions,  and 
certainly   the   manufacturers  would   never   have  gone   into 
the  business  on  the  scale  they  have,  and  invested  money  to 
tho  extent  they  have,   unless   they  were  fully  confident  that 
thoy  could  contend  successfully  with  the  builders  of  wooden 
boats.     The  prices  of  these  boats  have  suflFered  a  reduction 
every  year,    and  when*  they  shall    be  so  low  as   to  place 


«iBi.£iMani^<;«in»A 


254 


PAPER    B0AT3. 


a  favorable  diflForence  in  price  between  them  and  wood- 
on  boats,  it  will  be  demonstrated  to  the  satisfaction  of 
all    that  they  merit  everything  that  is  claimed  for  them. 

AH  who  have  been  connected  with  boat  clubs  know  that 
they  suffer  very  often  from  pecuniary  embarrassment,  and 
naturally  enough,  an  organization  which  has  scarcely  more 
than  sufficient  money  in  the  treasury  to  purchase  a  boat,  will 
be  shy  of  risking  its  corporate  existence  on  a  paper  boat,  of 
which  they  perhaps  know  nothing,  when  for  the  same  money 
they  can  buy  a  cedar  shell  modeled  after  those  that  have 

been  in  use  for  years. 

But  time  will  demonstrate  the  superiority  of  Paper  Boats 
over  wooden  ones,  as  it  did  the  superiority  of  the  steam  en- 
gine  over  the  stage  coach,  although  ^e  do  not  mean  this  as  a 
comparison  of  speed  between  the  wooden  and  paper  boats. 
Before  leaving  this  subject  of  paper  boats,  I  will  calUhe 
special  attention  of  the  reader  to  the  annexed  letter  from 
Annapolis,  which  is  in  reply  to  a  letter  of  inquiry  (written 
by  me)  to  its  author,  who  is  a  gentleman  of  the  highest  vera- 
city,  and  one  for  whose  word  I  am  personally  able  to  vouch. 


Annapolis,  Md.,  November,  1869. 

RoBT.  B.  Johnson  :  ^ 

Dear  Sir— Your  letter  inquiring  in  regard  to  Paper  Boats 

■       A  ******** 

18  received. 


■■■,ni.iu4.i^.aiw>»^u>"-'-'-»"^' '  W"''T'»^^"'  • 


PAPKB    BOATS. 


255 


ccn   them   and  wood- 

0  the    satisfaction   of 

1  claimed  for  them. 

1  boat  clubs  know  that 
ry  embarrassment,  and 
hich  has  scarcely  more 
to  purchase  a  boat,  will 
nee  on  a  paper  boat,  of 
len  for  the  same  money 
I  after  those  that  have 

eriority  of  Paper  Boats 
riority  of  the  steam  en- 
(#e  do  not  mean  this  as  a 
ooden  and  paper  boats, 
sr  boats,  I  will  call  the 
the  annexed  letter  from 
iter  of  inquiry  (written 
sman  of  the  highest  vera- 
irsonally  able  to  vouch. 


Md.,  November,  1869. 


;  in  regard  to  Paper  Boats 

'  *.       ♦        *        * 


This  class  of  boats  have  eveiy  advantage  over  the  cedar 
built  shells,  while,  to  my  knowledge,  not  a  single  objection 
■exists.  Their  advantages  over  cedar  shells  arc  :  By  far 
greater  strength ;  less  weight ;  greater  durability  ;  they  re- 
quire hardly  any  care ;  never  leak,  and  never  warp. 

They  can  be  moulded  into  any  shape  whatever,  to  suit 
the  designer's  lines,  which  wooden  shells  cannot,  so  that  any 
fineness  of  both  extremities  is  easily  produced.  Their  great 
beauty  and  parlor  finish  is  also  not  to  be  overlooked.  Our 
oldest  shell  is  nearly  three  years  old,  has  seen  very  rough 
usage,  and  is  as  good  as  new.  The  chances  are  in  favor 
of  its  lasting  another  throe  years.  The  only  expense  wo 
have  had  during  this  time,  is  about  one  dollars'  worth  of 
oopal  Tarnish,  with  which  we  have  given  her  a  couple  of 
coatings.  At  the  same  time,  another  Club  possessed  a  wooden 
aholl ;  she  is  now  nearly  broken  up  with  age,  (three  years' 
old,)  and  hardly  a  foot  of  her  is  to  be  seen  that  has  not 
heen  patched  in  some  way  or  other. 

In  last  year's  (1869,)  race,  our  four-oared  paper  shell 
beat  a  "  six-oared  "  cedar  shell,  by  long  odds,  although  the 
■crews  were  pretty  well  matched,  making  the  three  miles 
in  eighteen  minutes  thirty-five  seconds. 

I  would  regard  the  purchase  of  a  wooden  shell  as  waste 
of  money  The  firm  which  manufactures  Paper  Boats 
(Waters,  Balch  &  Co.,  of  Troy,  New  York,)  also  sup- 
ply splendid  oars  with  their  boats.  It  may  be  some  time 
before  they  come  into  general  use,  as  there  is  always  some 
prejudice  against  anything  new.  The  Academy  boats  are 
all  built  to  pull  without  a  coxswain,  but  the  manufacturers 
make  them  either  with  or  without,  just  as  those  ordering 
them  prefer. 


256 


PAPBR    BOATS. 


But  before  closing  I  would  say  that  I  advise  persons  wish- 
ing to  purchase  boats,  to  get  paper  ones  "  by  all  mcanfe." 
Yours  &c., 

C.  P.  KUNHARDT, 

U.  S.  Naval  Academy. 


.11 


so  persons  wish- 
ly  all  mcanfe." 


ival  Academy- 


BIOaRAPIITCAL  SKETCHES. 


HBNRY    COOLTBU. 

Henry  Coulter  was  born  in  the  thriving  village  of  Man- 

the  northern  bank  of  the  Ohio  River,  in  the  month  of  Febru- 
ary 1842. 

Like  Hamill,  at  an  early  age,  he  developed  a  taste  for  boat- 
ing, and  many  of  his  leisure  hours  during  boy-hood  were  spent 
in  endeavoring  to  become  proficient  in  feathering  the  spruces. 
In  the  summer  of  1867,  ho  bad  acquired  so  much  skill  in 
manipulating  the  blades,  that  his  friends  matched  him.against 
Fred  Wolfe,  in  a  five  mile  contest  for  two  hundred  and  fifty 
dollars  a  side.  This  was  to  have  been  decided  on  August 
24th,  1856,  but  in  the  interim.  Coulter  had  effected  a  more 
desirable  match  with  the  veteran.  Bill  Jackson,  and  from  poli- 
cy, he  paid  forfeit  to  Wolfe.  He  rowed  Jackson,  on  August 
24th,  1867,  for  five  hundred  dollars  a  side,  over  the  lower 
Monongahela  course,  and  achieved  his  maiden  victory  as  a 
single  sculler,  by  beating  his  opponent  four  lengths ;  the  time 
given  being  38.20. 

17  . 


,i,iJim 


268 


BIOGRAriUCAL    gKBTCHEf. 


This  clever  porformaucc  gained  hiin  many  backers,  and  he 
Booti  took  a  leading  position  in  the  aquatic  world. 

Since  that  time  he  has  pulled  in  many  of  the  best  rac.s  in 
this  country,  and  his  name  still  occupies  an  enviable  position 
among  our  professional  oarsmen.  .  ,        j 

Coulter  stands  five  feet  eight  and  one  half  inches  high,  and 
weighs  about  one  hundred  and  sixty-eight  pounds. 


n 


JOSH    WARD. 

Josh  was  born  in  the  same  year  with  Hamill,  and  com- 
menced his  rowing  career  about  the  same  time.  His  birth 
place  was  Newburgh,  New  York. 

Josh  is  a  fine  specimen  of  a  man,  standing  perhaps  a  little 
better  than  six  feet  in  height,  and  races  at  from  one  hundred 
and  fifty  to  one  hundred  and  sixty  pounds.  His  first  bid  for 
aquatic  honors,  was  at  the  age  of  nineteen,  when,  with  his 
brother  Henrr.  he  pulled  a  two-pair  sculls,  in  a  regatta  at 
his  native  place,  on  the  4th  of  July,  1857.  over  a  four-mi  e 
coarse,  the  Wards  winning  in  33.30.  From  this  time  until 
October,  1^59.  he  rowed  in  some  six  match  races,  both  as 
sculler  and  rower,  in  most  of  which  he  was  victorious. 

On  the  nth  of  October,  1869.  there  was  a  regatta  oft 
Staten  Island,  for  a  purse  of  one  hundred  dolluvs  and  the 
championship,  in  which  were  entered  Fay,  Daw.  and  Han- 
con,  all  good  oarsmen. 

The  course  was  five  mile.,  with  one  turn,  and  W  urd  pull- 
ed a  twenty-five  foot  boat,  built  by  Donohue.  . 
Ward  eame  home  a  long  way  ahead,  in  about  the  best  time 
ev^r  made,  viz  :     -  Thirty-five  nnnutes  and  ten  seconds 
.          After  this  race,  made  in  time  never  yet  equaled.  W  ards 


%. 


mimmmmmmm 


BIOORAPIIICAL    8KBTCHB8. 


259 


sackers,  and  he 

rid. 

lie  best  T&o'cs  in 

nviablr  pogition 

inches  high,  and 
lunds. 


amill,  and  com- 
ime.     His  birth 

g  perhaps  a  little 
Tom  one  hundred 
His  first  bid  for 
,  when,  with  his 
J,  in  a  regatta  at 
over  a  four-mile 
m  this  time  until 
ich  races,  both  as 
.ictorious. 
^as  a  regatta  off 
d  dollaib  and  the 
,  Daw,  and  Han- 

n,  and  Ward  puU- 

iie. 

ibr.ut  the  best  time 

d  ten  seconds." 

et  equaled,  Wards' 


reputation  became  wide-spread,  and  he  wae  looked  upon  as 
the  best  sculler  in  the  United  States. 

Ho  took  part  in  numerous  regattas,  at  Boston,  Poughkeep- 
sie,  Pittsburgh,  I'Liladelphia  and  other  places,  and  achieved  a 
reputation  which  has  made  him  the  pet  oarsman  of 
America. 

Josh  Wards  races  have  been  numerous,  and  his  triumphs 
gloriouB,  and  he  has  a  record  which  he  can  always  refer  to 
with  pride.  He  is  a  good  natured,  convivial  and  thoroughly 
American  Oarsman. 


JAMES    HAMILL. 

James  Hamill  was  born  in  Pittsburgh,  the  Smoky  City, 
in  1838,  stands  about  five  feet  six  inches  high,  and  presents 
a  wonderfully  muscular  front. 

When  in  training,  he  pulls  the  scales  at  about  one  hundred 
and  fifty  pounds,  but  when  out  of  condition,  weighs  consid- 
erabli'  more  than  that. 

He  commenced  his  career  as  an  oarsman,  at  quite  a  tender 
age,  and  has  not  yet  retiVed  from  the  arena.  Hamill's  career, 
like  that  of  every  champion  athlete,  no  matter  whom,  has 
been  a  series  of  triumphs  and  defeats,  of  which  he  may  well 
feel  proud,  for  he  has  never  been  defeated  by  any  but  a  first- 
class  oarsman. 

Ho  has  beaten,  intermittingly,  Wolfe,  Josh  Ward  and 
others,  lie  still  lives  in  Pittsburgh,  from  whence  he  is  oc- 
casionally heard  threatening  to  pull  some  one  for  the  cham- 
pionship. 


» 


260 


BIOOKAPIIICAL  aKKTCUBS. 


-r- 


WALTKB    BROWN. 

T1.0  name  of  Walter  Brown  1ms  been  pronilnenMy  boforo 
the  American  people  for  a  number  of  years,  as  an  oarsman  of 
superior  ability,  and  bis  history  contains  a  list  of  a  great 
many  victories,  gained  over    some    of  the  best  oarsmen  in 

America. 

lie  was  born  in  Madison;  Greene  County,  New  York,  Oc- 
tober 7th,  1840.  He  rowed  at  a  hundred  and  fifty  to  a  hun- 
dred and  sixty  pounds,  and  stood  five  feet  nine  inches  high. 
Ills  first  race  was  in  1858,  at  Newburgh,  and  he  and  Edmon- 
ston  won  a  doublo-scuU  race,  against  seven  competitors,  two 
miles  in  sixteen  minutes. 

lie  has  defeated  Ward  in  two  races,  and  went  to  Eng- 
land, in  1869,  intending  to  pull  the  champion  English  scull- 
ers, but  forfeited  his  money  in  his  first  matcsh,  from  indispo- 
sition. . 

Brown  always  pulled  a  very  good  oar,  and  has  pulled  in 
scores  of  races,  some  of  which  have  been  for  large  sums  of 

money. 

He  died  last  month,  (March  1871,)  from  the  effects  of  a 
cold  caught  while  attempting  to  clear  the  ice  from  in  front  of 
his  Boat  iiouse,  at  Boston.  His  death  leaves  the  single-scull 
championship  of  America  without  a  possessor. 


! 


oiiunon'ly  before 
as  an  oarsman  of 
a  list  of  a  great 
best  oarsmen  in 

,  New  York,  Oo- 
nd  fifty  to  a  hun- 
nine  inches  high, 
id  lie  and  Edmon- 
i  competitors,  two 

nd  went  to  Eng- 
)ion  English  scull- 
tcsh,  from  indispo- 

and  has  pulled  in 
for  large  sums  of 

am  the  effects  of  a 
ce  from  in  front  of 
ves  the  single-scull 
isor. 


mamrnttn 


RULES  FOR   BOAT   RACES. 


ENTRIES. 


RuLii  I.-Tli(.  priviicgesor  Kntry  kIiuII  he  ,lcoi(U-<l  upon  by  the  Commiltfc  In 
chai-Kc  of  Ihc  Hcgalla,  wlio  will  sfitllo  upon  the  time  up  to  which  ontrios  m.iy 
be  mude.  ,Ki;;;»tta«  i-iven  un.lor  city  auspices  Bhull  be  open  to  all  Locol 
Club-  a.!d  OrcwD.  Thi;  nam,,  of  tlio  CUib  or  fjiiw,  an.l  the  c  !as.  of  boat,  U  all 
that  will  biMU'ccsary  to  Bpccily. 

STAIlTINfi, 

ROLI  It.-Scc  I.  The.  Start  ►Iiouk:  I,,,  .nadc  by  tlif  nr-fproo  or  a  Starter 
appointodforlhopurpoBe;  the  inanncM' of  rtartin-j;  (o  bo  previously  settled  by 
the  Judges.  Hefore  Klvlnf?  the  word  orhi^iuil,  the  Starter  nhall  ask  ,li«tinctly 
three  times:  '^Are  yoj  ready?"  {f  "  \o  I"  i«  answered  the  first  time,  he 
shall  allow  Humoient  tune  lor  any  a-lj:,Htme„t  that  is  nece««ary,  a.ul  repeat 
the  question.  After  a.^kin^  ti,e  third  time,  he  shall  .ioi  wait  for  an  answer, 
but  (five  the  8i;,'nal,  whatever  it  may  be. 

Sec.  2.  Any  Crew,  etartin?.  before  the  tim<.,  shall  bereenlled  and  m.ade  to 
resume  their  proper  place.  After  the  signal  is  given,  and  the  boats  have 
■torted,  wo  rrcau.  can  bi  m*db.  " 

POSITION-FOULING. 

RDM  III.-  I^ts  shall  be  drawn  to  decide  the  positio*  of  each  boat  The 
party  wirmi,,,;  lirst  choice,  selects  what  they  d.em  the  best  position  • 
tho..c  winninK  second,  third,  etc.,  doinj.'  likewise.  A  boat  is  entitled  to  any 
position  which  it  can  take  and  keep  in  a  race.  But,  if  after  having  taken 
another    boat's    water,  the  boat  whose  water  has  been   so  taken    shall  over- 


■H^'.iii^  lA 


>»W- 


;i  r\^,t). 


968 


RUI.KS    IfOK    BOAT    RA0B8. 


r; :.":."  :ni.: - ■ :j;r;':r:..'r. 

I         tZ  ba-H  a,e  r.w...^.  >  .'u,  tb„..  bo,.  ..„>U  -u.,-  tbe  -;'"    " 

d.cl«,;.n  .ball  be  ™->«-'  "--'^'■'^ '"  ^''^  "■"'•■''''"'"  'H:^^^^^^^^^ 
ifln  th..  water  b..l.l  by  tb«  tblnl  bom.lho  .U..-..K.on  »1k>I1  b.-  in  It  faxor.  or 
ln:tba...nbe  founb  boat- vie,  ver.u."  Oonu...  n.-o,  fo..>  .»u.t  be  ....o  U. 
the  Jud,..H  before  Ibey  -ball  «iv..  lb.  cb.W.,,,  or  avvanl  tbc  „.  i«e. 

...  PUIVBU:tlK9. 

U„..  iv'-l"  n.»tcb  rac.».  tb.  cb>lK.n,..l  p.H.v  .ball  bavo  the  prlvil»RO  of 
,.„.„.„«  tbo  .im..  at  wbieb  .ucb  race  nbaU  o.xur.  a,. .   tbe  --  ^^^  ;" 
,1  »l,all  be  l-ulled.    Tbe  cour.,  nball   bo  ei.lu,.  witb  or  a,aln«t     be  tido,  and 

J'l   bo  Ht,Ub..  or  with  a  .u,„.  at  the  optic,  of  tin-   party   cba. lengcd^  Iho 
cball ':....«  Uy  ba,  .be  privilege  of  na,..h.«  tbo  ela.  of  boat,  to  bo  u.od. 

AUTIIOUITY  OK  JUDtJKS  AND  IIKKEHEKS. 
R„«  V,_J,.d,o».  unlo..tbcydl.agrcc,havc,H>wor  to  .et.le  all  I"-"""!" 
dUpute.  ."  »  rLe!  Sbould  they  bo  e,ually  divided  upon  any  .ubjcc.  the 
,  rtlo:..nu.tbo.ub™;.ted  to  tbo  Kefe.e,,  fron.  -^"^ '^^^^^'^^^^ 
Leal  lu  ca-e,  „here  a  ooUlmon  or  Um'.  oftwo  boatn  occur.,  ^vhi^.b  "ball  b. 
declltl  unavoidable  .„d  unintentional,  ,.,e  jud.es  b.ve  tbe  r.«bt  to  order  a 
11  U  n  in  City  Ue«atta«,  tbe  Judge,  may  regulate  all  tbe  eonditl.n.  and 
:.ro  1, ,y  r-ty  for  ungentlentanly  or  unbeeon.in.  conduct.  J-  •'•O'J^ 
bo  four  JudgoB,  two  at  the  starting  point,  and  two  at  tbe  out  »taUe.  Tho 
Referee  Bbould  be  at  tbe  etart.i.g  Doinl.  ..  ,, 

TIMK  AliLOWANOK. 
RW.  Vl-It  1.  uBual  for, bell  boat,  to  allow  lapWreak,  a  certain  number 
of  second.h,arace,  which  1,  a  very  just  provision,  a,  the  ■-■-Y"J°" 
doubt,  po,se«s  greater  speed  .ban  .ho  lal.or.  Tbe  „.n,ber  of  second,  to  b. 
Jowd  Will,  of  course,  depend  upon  whether  bo.b  boats  carry  Co„wn.n.i 
t  umber  of  extra  oars,  etc.  .beiis  .bould  allow  fpstreaK.  eight  «,cond. 
Jor  mile,  if  equally  manned.  Hoa.s  pullin«  extra  oar.  shall  allow  Ato  «.oond. 
iwr  mile  for  eac'a  oar.  •  ,^ 

OUAMPlONSini?  HONORS.  ,     >   <  J;  , 

RBL.  VII.-Tbe  Profe«io„«l  Oban,pio„sbip  of  tbe  United  Statosshall  be  do- 


liijai- 


■   Imiil  or    oars,    ruid 
X  boiil  Icuvcii  lilt  own 

ofkci'i>l"K''"-''  I'"*' 
y  lUrccl  BClloii  ol  lhi> 
ukc  tlio  M'coiid  lioaU' 
luy  two  »li:kll  f''»li  l''" 
Icti  llu'  loul  occurred ; 
i;jI1  lie  in  lU  frtvor.  or 

fonl  must  be  ni»<lo  U> 
10  ijiiie. 


I  liavo  the  prlvileRO  of 
c  courno  ui>o"  wl'loli 
ftliiilnBt  tlic  tido,  and 
urty  clmllcnBCd.  ThO' 
if  boats  to  bo  u»od. 

REK9. 

Kottlr  nil  quMtlona  Id 
upon  any  Bubjcot,  tho 
«e  di'clBion  there  l»  no 
occurs,  whlr.li  Bhall  b« 
10  tho  rlRht  to  order  a 
nil  the  conditions,  and 
ouduct.  There  should 
at  the  out  stoke.    Tho 


reaks  a  certain  number 
us  the  lormer,  without 
••mlier  of  seconds  to  be 
bouts  carry  Coxswains  ; 
1,'pstrcahs  eight  seconds 
,  shall  allow  flfo  sooond* 


lulled  SlatOH  shall  be  do- 


BUr.BS  FOR  BOAT  HACKS. 


268 


elded  as  follow.  ;     A  pariy  claiming  the  I'liauiiKon-liip  ,hall  bo    propan-il   to 
maintiiln  the  sumo,  upon  the  tollowin«  oon.lltion.,  ;      l^i.  n,,  ,„    bouml  lo  ao- 
cept  a  oMallonKc   iroin  uny  ..lilzc,,   ,,(■  ti,o    Ui.H-.l   .Stalo«,  w.ll.in   tlihty  days 
from  thu  date  of  rooolvlni?  such  dial  l.i.ijo,  a,„|  to  |,uil  tl,o   nioo   within   ninety 
day«  lioin  Iho  Hanio  date.  If  Iho  ohuiioMK.iig  parly   m.  ,l.-8;ro-.    Tl.o  time  and 
place  lo  be  ;,t  tho  „ptlon  o,'  tho   clmllon^.v!    ,,ur,y.      2,1.  The  olr.ilon^e.l  party 
ha»  Iho  rl«hl  to  ,„iino  the  mnounl  of  Iho  ,iako     .  bo  pullod  lor;   but  tho  ohal- 
lcM,i{lnK  paily,  If  ho  ,o  do.-lre»,  may  ro«trlol  tho  «iako  to  tho  Hutno   amount 
won  by  tho  churapiou  hlniHcIf,  when  he  achicvuu  that  honor.    Tlio  champion 
1-  not  hound  to  pull  for  a  lo««  amount  tlun  the  Make  at  the  mato~h  in  which  he 
wonthooham;.lon»h!i..    Tho  ohallo»«I.,«  parly    muHt  lira  dop.^it  a  lorlu.i  of 
suoham-.unt  u»  tho  ohall.  nijod  parly  shall  re.puro,  -o  thai    it  doon  not  exceed 
more  than  hall  Ih'.  ,tako,   which  tho  latlor  U  ohnnod  to  covor,  l.oforo  any  artl- 
cics  of  aj<ro«niont  are  «iKno.l.    Kach  parly  ,l,a!l   theu  soleot  two  Judkfes,  who 
In  tun,  Hlmll  m-loct  a  Uoferoo.     Klthcr  parly  „.ay  um-  whalov  or  ,tyio  of  bont,  ho 
sees  Ht,  and  Ih  at    liberty  to  adopt   any    and  all  improvoments.    Tho  lleferoo 
uiust    be    Holocled   ton  dayn    before   the  date    lixod   for  the    raoo.     If  litlicr 
principal  sh.ill    full  to  appear  upon  tl.o  ,l,iy  of  ihe  race,  ho  nhall  forfeit  tho  full 
amount  of  tiio  stake.    Mul  tho  Ohan.plon  shall  not  forfeit  bin  title  if  he  can 
produce  a  8Worn  state  mom  fro,n  .some   ro.pectablc  modioal  praotitionor,  certi- 
fyuiKthat  ho  wiu.  Incapacitated  by  sickness  fron>  ouKaKhiK  in  the  contest.    He 
is,  howevor,  obliged  to  accept  a  Hocond  challcutfo   from   tho  samepaity,  and 
pull  a  race  witliln  ninety   days   from  the  date  of  tho  llrst  race,  provided  the 
challcnBing  parly -ball  deposit  a  stake  equal  in  amount   to  that  forfeited  by 
the  champion,    if  the  champion  falls  t,  -coond   tln>o  to  appear,  tho  challeng- 
Ing  party    shall  bo  .-.dJudKod  to  have  won    the   champlon«hip  and  the  stake. 
Tho  challenged  parly  ha«  the  prlvllogo  of  making  tho  cour««  equal   In  length 
to  that  upon  which   ho  himself  achlovod  the  championship,  and  is  not  obliged 
to  pull  upon  one  longer. 

ROWING  KTIiJIJCTTK. 

Dpon  UaclMg  Day,  each  Crew,  upon  coraln:;  uj.  to  the  line,  should  salute  th 
Judges    and    Referee ;    If  In  a    shell,    the  Coxswain   or  Captain     will  simply 
raise  his  hat ;  If  a  Inpslroak,  Ihe  Crew  should  peak  oars.     When  coming  home, 
the  victorious  crew  should  peak  to  the   vanquished,  and  escort   them  to  their 
resting  place. 

During    Practice,    if  Crew,   meet,    they    should    simply    exchange    salute* 
through   the  Coxswain,  or  CaptalBs,  who  will  touch  haU  to  one  another. 


BOATING  TERMS. 


ALVIIABBTIOALLY    ARRANOBD. 


ABterii— Behind. 

Apioii-Attadud  tothc  8lein  liiM.le  Uir  boaV,  U. 

itii'iikn  iirf  imiled. 
AthwiirL—AcroBii. 
Amliloliip"— liitl'e  middle. 

n 


,liich  the  middle  »nd  opp»» 


nackwator-BMCTsc  the  action  of  Rowing. 

nack-Unurd-Th;.  1b  what  the  Uowcr  ro«t.  hi.  back  aga.nrt. 

Blndinir-Slrcak-Tlu,  lirst  plank  put  on  u  smooth  ^™rk  boat ' 

H  r  -k' ^  panor  tho  oar.  or  the  portion  which  i.  dipped  ""-';''-^-   '^ 

Uot.1.,0,.-  An  iron  hooU  «lth  a  point  o«  tho  back,  ftxed  to  .  long  pole.  Uv 

pull  or  pucli  nboftt. 

Boatinif-Tl.o  act  or  practice  of  .aiUiK  in  a  boat. 

Boaliibie— Navi'-'aUlo  for  boiilB. 

BaU-Ilope-Palnter,  a  rope  to  fasten  a  boat. 

Bow-Oar— The  o.w  nearest  the  bow  of  the  boat. 

"hook -A  knee  futed  In  at  the   bow,  and  secured  to  tho  gunwale,  and 

''Bu'tton..-Thc  attachment  which  balances  the  oar  in  Itl  place.        , 
Buoy— Buoy  is  used  u»  a  etake. 


BOATINfl    TIRM8.  ||p 

Bjr-thc-lliittd— Wlion  the  bow  !•  luwsr  In  the  wolor  than  tb«  (tarn. 
Dy-lho-StciTi — When  the  «lcrn  ilrawa  more  water  In  proportlou  than  the  bow, 
la  not  trae  on  the  wutar  Una. 


ID. 


h  the  middle  and  oppet 


Oanoc — A  bo.it  formeil  of  the  body  or  IrunU  ol  u  treo,  hollowed  out  by  cutting 
or  burnluK.  The  Indlaim  niao  tnulce  lltfht  cuiioci  from  iinmll  brunclicn  of  trcoa 
•nd  dry  birch  bark. 

Coiawnlii— The  our  who  iteera  the  boat. 

Grub — When  the  water  cittvlii'g  the  o.ir  nnil  turni  it«  blade,  ao  thiitthr  Rowor 
eannot  extricate  it  without  muchdlllioulty,  it  U  called  "  oatohinti  a  crub." 

Crew — All  bi'loiixliiK  to  till)  bout. 

Oranh — Bimily  overact,  or  thrown  on  one  aide. 

Ollnkvr- Work— When  the  lower  ed|;e  ol'  every  plank  overlaya  the  neit  below 
It,  like  alute  on  the  roof  of  n  houae. 

D  • 

DMh— The  Rower  uthiK  Ihc  utmoxl   of  hia  power  to  propel  the  boat. 

Deu<l-Woo(l— I'ircrs  put  In  where  tliu  keel  and  ateiu  oud  atcrn  poat  aro 
nnlted. 

Dip — The  blade  of  the  o;ir  in  the  water.  " 

Dug>Oul — Canoe. 

Dory— A  liftht  ll:it-botlom  row  boat,  with  both  endti  ralaed,  havlnij  nearly 
the  form  ol'  u  akilf. 


:  againat. 
■k  boat. 

lipped  into  the -wBtor. 
fixed  to  k  long  pole,  ify 


ircdto  the  gunwaloa  and 
it(  place. 


Bosy-All — EtwlriK,  or  ceaaiug  to  row. 
■oalDg — To  cease  rowing'. 


Plahlng— Laying  the  cnda  of  two  piecea  of  timber  together  and  faatciiinii  a 
third  piece  to  both. 

Veatherlni{~-Turnliig  the  blode  of  the  oor  from  a  perpendicular  to  a  horizon- 
tal position. 

VIoor— The  water-line  model  of  a  boat. 

Foul — To  runaifainst. 

Foot-Boards— FloorlnR  ;  loose  boards  placed  Inalde  the  boat,  running  fore-and- 
aft,  resting  on  the  floor  timbers  bcitwcen  the  footlings. 

Footling! — Faetenod  to  the  floor  timbera  on  each  aide  of  the  foot-boardi, 

Foro-and-Aft — Lengthwise  the  boat.  •  )•«..)  .r. 


<2gQ  BOATINO  TIRMB. 

r„„.->nd.Afl  8.rM.  bn.....M...o.  running  fur«..n.«..fl  ut  t>.«  top  of  .hr  fo«*- 

^r  ;.:2  :r:r:;::. how..  .«..  n.™.... 


0.rboara.9.rc«U...r.,t«n..   lo   floor   .l.nb.r..    «..a  to  tUo  .t.u«    .»,.    -Tn- 

pOKt,    111     till'    l""'!' 

Olvc-Wtiy— CommencliiK  to  row.  | 

(lunwale-Thu  ln.l<l«  rtilp  fattened  to  the  lop  "trflnk. 


UoK^e<^..■Cun-o(^  i  tho  cndt  beInK  low.r  than  Iho  middle. 


inclined  Planc-Inellned  Plane.  «ro  u«,d  for  lowcrlug  bo».«  from  U.e  ho«. 
Into  the  water. 

Kcul-Thcprlnolp.l  timber  In  »  boat,  extending  from  .t.m  to  .torn  .t  the 
bottom,  and  «up,«rllnB  thi-  wbolo  frame. 

Kecl.on-A  piece  of  llmbor  on  tbo  lloor  Umber,  over  the  koel. 
.  K.r„:-Boa'i---Temporar,  or  moveable  floor.  re.tlnK  on  tbe  floor  ilmbor.. 


Larboard— Loft  Me  of  tlic  boat. 

Ijiuneh-The  act  of  putttlng  a  boat  In  the  water. 

Lap-9trcak-Same  u«  Cllnkcr-BuUt.  .,    v    .   t„  .ii„w 

Limbe.-lIole..-3mall  hole,  cut  on  the  under  .Ide  of  the  timber.,  to  allow 
water  to  pa*,  from  the  extreme  end.  of  the  boat  Into  the  well-hole. 

Lower-Streak-Nexl  above  the  .hutler-ntrcak. 

!:^om-Thatpartof  th.oar  between  the  row-loot  and  the  handle.  SquM* 
and  round. 


Oar.— Spoon— Spoon-.hapod . 

;:r^:;r::^:ndln«th.oar.up.  wit.  t..  h.ndle.re.U„,  on  the  floorof 
the  bolt. 


IIOATINd    TRKMA. 


387 


tlio  lop  of  I  hi-  foo*- 
lower  i>»u«»ii  moniBii- 
fiinUmod. 

llci. 

ig  boatii  from  Uic  hou«« 

m  iWm  to  itornatlho 

r  till!  kosl. 

g  ou  Ihu  floor  timboni. 


of  Iho  timber*,  to  allow 
he  woll-holo. 

md  tbo  handle.    Bqaare 


eiresUng  on  th«  floor  of 


Oi»r«m,ui---A  llowur,  or  ojiu  wliu  liii|>(ila  >i  b.iit  by  rmi  i'ia  (i|  ottr«. 
Ouinuui'i— llDwIiPcU.  •iiiiiilluu  upon  li  Irmiii)  DutijoorJ  from  the  nuiiwslo. 
Outrlgi,vr-llnru«— Siiimr.'  nicrii  <'iliikiir-I.Mi'l,  eio. 


P»lnti'r...A  riipu  (iiilic  l>ow  of  tin-   t,u.»t  iito.l  to  I'iuion  It. 

Port—Loft  or  lurlxMinl  «i.|c  of  a  bout. 

Piilllinf—Kowinu, 


RuKUll.'i,  prOfioiiruuil    ll"Ki'ltii— A  ruco  liotwi'cii  two  or  iiiori' Ixiuln. 

Uii.Mir--Tlir  IjiNiriiinoiil  liy   wliieli   Ihu  bout  In  itoeiRil. 

Rowin,<  l)lM.i..ll,it»lo(l-KiMpltm  the  tmiMN  love!  witli  tliu  loomn,  iin.l  »I. 
wiiyn  Imvlim  a  Hpnco  butwceii  tlu<  lajti'V. 

Bowiiiii  Ovcr-lliiii.lcul— lluvlni<o:iulmii.li.nil  liwm  ovcrlup  llu'  ollur. 

(Jro-».|la,i,l,.i|...|'„|||„«  111.'  Igft  miull  with  tlh-  rlKl.t  IilimI,  uml  "  vi(!0 
vorHii." 

Ul<inK.— A  piece  uf  plunk  fMtuncd  to  the  ribs  Insldu,  upon  which  the  Ihwarta 
ro«t. 

Kc)wlii«...Th..  ml  of  Impcllliii;  iu*oiil  by  oiir«. 
Ilowlock— rh.ii  pnrt  on  which  the  o:4r  rorti  In  rowiin, 
Kowcr-.-Ourmnan,  or  om;  wlio  rowa  u  bo.il. 


Sonll— A  (horl  oar  ;  when  two  -liorl  nari*  ure  iiiwcl  by  a  rowor,  ono  on  either 
■Ideorfhe  boat,  tlicy  are  called  i-ciilln. 

Soullin){— HowniK  with  two  »cull8. 

dcurf— To  iiuiie  two  piece*  o(  tiiiibrr  at  llio  endu,  by  Icttlnu  Iho  ond  of  one 
Into  the  end  of  the  other  und  bolthiK  them  lojteihcr. 

Seas— The  after  part  of  the  keel. 

acai,'-Iland— A  Htrlp  of  metal  prolectiiiK  the  mcui;. 

Scewed— When  the  keel  In  erdoked  or  curved. 

Sheer— The  lontflludinnl  curve  or  bend  of  the  top  of  ii  boat. 

8tcin-nand.-A  meUil  band  placed  on  the  stum  of  the  boat,  from  the  top,  and 
roachln«  to  the  keel,  forniiuK  the  cutwater. 

3t«m-A  el!  .Milar  piece  of  timber  to  which  Ihc  two  sides  of  the  boat  are  united 
at  the  fore  end. 

Sllngs-Oanvaw  or  other  nupporti.  for  a  bout  Huspendcd  from  the  celling  in 
a  boat  liou^e. 
Stern-All— Duck  all;  to  buck  water  with  the  oars.  .- 

8tern-1Vay— The  movumeiit  of  .1  boat  backward. 


1 


^■1 


pm<MaMi^m»^iit^~'^>'^'^ 


,,.ti.jfi)i>  if)^'!' ' 


268 


BOATING    TBEM8. 


8tern.P0.t~Thc  piece  of  timber  erected  on  the  extremity  of  tl.c  keel  to«np. 
port  the  rudder,  nnd  tormlnnles  the  boatbchlml. 

Stcrnmoat— Furtheet  in  the  rear.  ,,.„„„    .»,« 

Stern-ChaBe-Whena  boat  astern  I.  trying  to  overhaul  one  In  adm.ee,  the 
endeavor  is'  called  a  «tern-cliniie. 

Stcrii-FaHt^ A  rope  UBCd  to  confine  the  atern  of  a  boat. 

Shlp~-lMttein«  the  oarg  in  the  rowiockB. 

Shoot-When  the  oarH  are  in  the  water  and  the  power  of  the  rower.  1«  ap-  . 
plied,  the  boat  recelvcB  an  impetus  which   Ib  called  the  shoot. 

Shutter-Streali—Bolwceii  the  board  and  lower  streaks. 

Starboard— RiRht  side  of  boat.  .u„  rfirtino 

Stake-lioat-A  boat  moored  at  the  end  of  the  course,  oppc'te  the  sUrtlng 

point. 
Stiff— Not  easily  careened  or  thrown  to  one  side. 
Stowin'—Repiacinc  articles  in  their  proper  position. 

Skiff-A  liuht,  fl.t  botton,  row  boat,  ^rcnerally  without  a  keel  and  raised  at 
both  ends.  The  bottom  of  a  skitt'  would  form  nearlv  one-.iKth  of  n  circle. 
They  arc  built  in  various  styles  in  dift\n-ent  localiti.'s. 

Skeleton  Hoats-Skeieton  boats  arc  constructed  for  a  certain  weight,  and  ore 

used  as  race  boatK.    None  others  arc  Bkeletoiis. 

Streaks-Planks  ;  they  fonn  the  outside,  and  on  a  .mooth-:.ork    boat  are 

■     placed  in  the  following  order,  romn.cncinK  at  the  keel  :    1st.  Gurhoa.d  streak. 

2d.    Board   streak.     3d.  Shutter   streak.     4th.    U,wer    streak.     f.th.  Bindmt; 

streak.    0th.  Ui.per   streak.  ,   ,     ,      , , 

Stretcher-A  moveable  piece  of  umber,  tUed  ueros.,  the  floor  of  the  boatfor 

the  feet  of  the  oarsman. 
Stvoke--The  Bwcoii  of  lui  oar  in  rowing.  , 

Stroke-Oar— The  sternTuosl  oar. 
Strokesman— The  n;an  who  rows  tlie  aftermost  onr. 

Stern-SIieetfi-That  part  of  the  boat  which  is  between  the  aftermost  seat  of 
the  rowers  and  the  stern,,  usually  in  a  barge  or  working  boat,  furnished  w.lh 

'"'swiveU-Metal  rowlocks,  working  on  a  pin  inserted  in  the  gunwales. 

-         ,       ■•»;     '^  -  '    ''^ 

Thwart-The  seat  or  bench  of  a  boat  on  .vhich  the  rower  sit«  ;  the  «at 
being  piaccd  athwart  the  boat. 

Trave\er-An   upparatus  by  which   one  of  the  pullers  steers  a  boat. 

Thole-A  pin  inserted  in  the  gunwale  .f  a  boat  to  keep  the  oars  In  the 
rowlocks  when  used  in  rowing. 

Taut— (Webster  spells  it  taught)~Ti!:ht,  not  slack. 

Thwart,Knces-By  which  the  thwarU  are  fastened  to  the  sides  of  the 
boat 


f 


Ltremity  of  tlio  kuel  to  snp- 


rhaiil  one  In  ail*»iice,  the 

power  of  the  rower*  1»  •!>-  . 

1  the  shoot. 

!aks. 

luree,  oppc.'fc  the  Stirling 


ivithont  a  keel  and  raised  at 

early  ono-«ixtli  of  a  circle. 

I.'P. 

(ir  a  certain  weight,  aad  arc 

a  a  smontli-work  lioat  aro 
ki'ol  :  1st.  Ourhoaid  streak, 
lower    stri'ak.     6tli.  llindinu; 

Mos.t  llic  floor  of  the  boat  for 


>t«cen  the  afterniobt  peat  of 
vorking  boat,  furnished  with 

ertcd  ill  the  gunwales.    : 


ich  the  rower  site  ;    the  scat 

puilors  steers  a  boat, 
joat  to  keep  the  oars   in  the 

lack. 

faeteued   to   the  sides  of  the 


iriii>'ii  i|  I 


BOATINO    T15RM8 


269 


Thole..St<pp-A  pi.  CO  of  hard  wood  fustenod  to  the   under  part  of  the   /un 
wule  on  the  inside,  iM-roed  for  the  insertion  of  tho  boltoin  .r  table 
Top-Slroak-Upppcr  streak  ;  the  plank  above  the  Mndlng-jtreak 
Transoni-KnceB-Secnring  the  gunwale  and  upper  stretch  to  the  stem 
Trimming-.Triramlug  a  boat  is  to  balance  it  so  that  .he  will  not  wiggle. 

fD 

tnship— Throwing  the  oars  out  of  the  rowlocks, 
Upper-St  1  eak— Top  at reat . 

.      •    f  • .,     »  , 

Watei-Llnc-A  horizontal  line,  .apposed  to  be  drawn  about  a  l.oafa  bottom 
at  the  .surface  of  the  water.  «"'w«m 

Well-lIole-A  hole  In  tiio  bottom  of  the  bout  to  lot  out  the  water. 
Whitehall  Boat— See  description. 

Wher,^-A  shallow,  liKht  boat,  built  sharp  at  both  ends,    for  fast  rowing- 
Walc-Stroak— Gunwale. 
^  Wash-Streak-The   streak    above  the  «u„wale  in    wWch   the  rowiook.  are 


rudder,  from  the  ends   of  which  are  lines  by   which  the  boat  is  Btoorod. 

)   ...  ....  .    .      ... 


■^•rnt Mi... .'. .-lu.'.iMJJUnJii^tjuvV  ■ 


; 


Mttf- 


■T^lKWUPM  II  "■"•■i' 


■i^ifciif  Mli|MWf»4i|Mr 


LETTER  FROM    ROBERT  FULTON. 


Garlbton,  St.  Jonh,  N.  B.,  ) 
February   18th,    1871.      \ 

ROBT.    B.  JOHNBON  .' 

Dear  Sir — I  received  your  letter  of  January  28th,  and 
was  surprised,  upon  reading  it,  to  find  that  you  had  not  re- 
ceived the  particulars  relating  to  our  training  and  boat  rac- 
ing. I  sketched  the  account  myself,  and  left  it  with  a  young 
friend  of  mine,  a  lawyer,  to  copy  and  forward  to  you,  which 
be  said  he  would  do. 

However,  as  ho  has  neglected  to  do  so,  1  will  prepare  the 

aniclc  myself,  and  send  it.     Hoping  that  tlvis   will   prove 

satisfactory,  I  remain, 

Vours,  truly, 

ROBT FULTON 


The  above  letter  was  duly  received,  but  the  promised 
contribution  has  not  come  to  hand  in  time  to  be  inserted, 
probably,  because  ."^'r.  Fulton  lias  been  so  busily  engaged  in 
prejtaring  for  (he  Great  Race  of  next  suninier,  as  to  be 
unable  to  bctdow  tlic  necessary  time  upon  it.  It  is  with 
regret  that  I  cluse  the  work  witliont  a  letter  from  the  genial 
a«id  g'M'.erous  hearted  Stroke  of  the   ••  Paris  Crew." 

R.  B.  J. 


I  -iji&A-^'-  juiai^. 


'•^m  M«i*i.iiy»i 


FULTON. 


".  JoNu,  N.  B.,  ) 
18th,    1871.      J 

January  28th,  and 
hat  you  had  not  re- 
aining  and  boat  rac- 
d  left  it  with  a  young 
brward  to  you,  which 

o,  1  will  prepare  the 
that  tliis   will   prove 


lOB'T  FULTON 


;d,  but  the  promised 

time  to  be    inserted, 

so  busily  engaged  in 

;  suijimer,    as   to  be 

upon  it.      It  is  with 

letter  from  the  genial 

Paris  Crow." 

11.  B.  J. 


■ — wm 


'  pw-wiir  j^J. 


!"#M»W.M.'." 'IIJI 


:i 


CONTENTS, 


aoknowlbdohsnt. 
Prbpacb,  .... 
ExiRoiSK— Its  Relation  to  Hbalth,  . 

ROWINO  AS  AN  EXBRCISB,    . 

MoRALiTy  OF  Rowing. 
Rowing — Anciknt,    .         » 

"  MODBRN, 

Ambrioan  Collbok  Raobs, 
Carnival  op  Collbob  Sucklings, 

Practical  Rowing 

Contributions  on  Rowing  and  Training, 
Training— Introductory   and  Historical, 

"  Practical,  . 

"  Amatbur, 

DiGBSTIBILITy  OP    FoOD, 

Troublbs  in  Training,     . 

Training  not  Injurious. 

Boat  Building, 

Papbr  Boats,       ... 

Bioqraphioal  Skktchbs,    .  , 

Boating  Rulbs, 

'    •         •         •         •        ,        y 

Tkrms, 


4 
1 


FAQS 
4 
ft 

10 

88 
37 

m 

74 

80 
99 

137 

182 

195 

223 

232 

235 

238 

245 

247 

257 

261 

264 


'A^i.i^m^f'^"' 


^ 

i 
1 


i-jMNSW*"''''^''''"'"**'*^ 


:;:%'^7i" ■■■ySin^'wi''  "iw"' 


1 


1  r  ■  '  • 


?«?■:#■'" 


..«^ 


n  ■ 


?>?•*-•  ■■'■' 


Have  been  rowed  bj  the  winners  of  NINETY  RAGES 
since  their  introduction  in  1868,  viz :— 14  in  1868  ;  26  in 
1869  ;  and  50  in  1870. 

For  racing  anr*.  training,  they  are  preferred  to  those  of 
wood  by  the  midf ;  ipmon  at  the  United  States  Naval  Acade- 
my, by  numer'is  Scat  Clubs,  and  by  numbers  of  the  best 
Oarsmen  in  the  jountry. 

Our  New  Circular  and  Price  List  for  1871  is  Now  Beady, 
and  will  be  mailed  free  on  application  by  letter. 

We  have  in  press,  and  shall  publish  in  April,  our  AN- 
NUAL ILLUSTRATED  CATALOGUE  AND  OARS- 
MAN'S MANUAL  FOR  1871,  one  La^rge  Quarto  Yokune 
of  230  pages,  printed  in  colors  oi^  l^ted  paper,  containing 
fifty  fine  illustrations  on  wood,  and  four  large  folding  plates, 
(12  z40  inches.)  ^brongly  bound  ih  muslin.     Price  9&'00. 

BRIEF  OF  CONTENTS : 

iKTBODVcnoH.— CBAPTBk  I.— QeDenl  hlitory  of  rowlog  aa  a  meani  of  physical 
training,  in  Bnglaod  and  the  United  States,  during  the  pait  fifty  yean. 
Ohaptib  n.— Oeueral  olauiflcation  and  deBcription  of  boats.    Wood- 
en and  Paper  Boats   compared.     Oeneral  discuseion  of  the  details  of 
Racing  Boats. 

Pam  I.— Detailed  description  of  all  tbe  different  varieties  of  l>oats,  oars  and 
scolls  buiit  by  ns,  fully  illustrated.  Details  of  care  and  repair,  coat  of 
shipment,  &c. 

Part  II Hints  to  oarsmen  on  rowing  and  training.        Books  to  be  consulted. 

Best  boats  fok  ''  ;^nners  and  adepts.  Hints  on  the  organization  of  boat 
•lubs,  Ooples  of  the  Constitution  and  By-Laws  of  five  prominaot 
otubs  in  the  United  States.  .< 


■J  I  <1- 


PAPER  BOATS. 

(Brief  of  Contents — Oontinued.) 

Past  III. — On  boat  racinf;.  Kulea  adopted  by  tbo  hiKbcat  nuthoritieit.  Imce* 
won  by  Paper  Boatx,  1898,  '60  aud  TO.  UarvurJ  vb.  Yale,  aiv\  Oxiord 
vs.  CambridKe  raoea,  and  tboseof  the  raoiit  prominoiit  B^xatta  ArmucI- 
ationsin  the )}.  fl.  s    .  ■      ■     .        , 

Past  IVi^iomVlute  list  of  thu'oout^aiid  tt^wWciubi  of*  ihJ  United  HVAa» 

and  Canada,  on  tbe  30tb  of  November,  1870,   willi  full  dctiillBof  oaoti 

'iJlI.'^Jub,  l«  regard' ta  tKelrofflonr9,''oi-!»Anlzn{lon,'i;6'ust\tii'iion  and   Hy- 

Lnw8,   Boat  Jloufcs,    Houts.     Ha^imatRd  value  of  property,  uiid   dff- 

orlption  of  the  course  each  uses  for  rowing. 

Pari  V. — Plan!<,  Hoctions,  elcvallona  and  donenptive  dutuiix  of  Boat  Ilousei*, 
ooiUng  froiQ  tl60  to  $5,000,  with  bUto  of  miturlil  anil  ah  neccssaVy 
,^d»'af<"'l><»"'llng  purposw.    (    ^^i  ]g  tiuiai^ili>iiiui  ■n\i  (.M  i.i-Jl* 

Our  New  Oiroalar  tot  1«71,  givfes'  the  <lotttfetrtB  of  each 
part  in  full. 

tt^r  Itt  oonsectiietioe  of  tUb'  cost  of  tliis  work,  but  a  limited 
edition  will  be  {Jriiitid-,  one  Half  6t  wbicb'  is  already  tiakeu. 
Thosfe  desiritig  it,  dhoxtlU'  send  iii  their  riames  early^  Sub- 
BoriJtiOM  wiil'ilbwbffretftrtVed.'.  *     ''/'./ 

Fof  fUrthaf*  p»Srttetrhk;  iddifewi '     "  " 

.<H,.^^  'mVl    .n>i.JP3  RiTer  Street,- Troy,- NIWYdrk.'.'. ) 

.,«,  ,0»t  !«.,  M,  ,.,il,..!.  ,^'U-'k  l.-.:m.l  ••<:,   !.....  !.u-;y>'3  .tl  -SO-'-Kn 


j /.'!/: All  H-y^/.K 


m 


'!n«ttfe»-.. 


'...^-Hl.^ij  V 


ad.) 


est  nuthoritieii.  U:icei« 
1  ve.  Yalu,  aim  Oxiord 
alnoiit  BuKatta  Aaituci- 

or  thJ  United  StjldH 
itli  full  dctittlHof  uur)i 
•i;6'ust\tli'ilon  an'(J  H'y- 
or  property,  uiid  di?*  ' 

utuiU  of  Boat  IIoueuM, 
irlit  ftni)  tA\  neccDsnl'y 
ljl>,tol(ll  '<IU    (,M  i'l"   '* 

ilotttfetrtfi  of  eaoK' ' 


rorki  but  a  limited 
is  already  takeu. 
mes  early^     Sab- 

Ul/JJt:  ■</JM 

OO..  li  ^i-Ht 

r(^.NlBir'¥drlt.     ) 

Ha    . ..,,      .. 

itl~.ff  na.i'i;.«;» 


N.  BROOKS, 
JBoat  JBuilder  and  Oar 

MANUFAOTUREll.  .    1 
2-27  SOUTH    WATKR   STUEET.  MILWAUKEE, 
WISCONSIN. 

■I ./  .  .>    ()A?      !t»*?»,H  v.fii^i 

YACHTS,  YAWLS,  ROW  AND  RACE  BOATS  AND 

OARS  MADE  TO  ORDER,  ON 

SHORT  NOTICE. 

Old  Boats  taken   in   Exchanqi}. 


•M-' 


^.ui  STEPHEN  ROBERTSV 

MANUPACTURKR  OF 

SHBt/LS,  BARNES,  YADHTS,  \VbbD  ANi5Ml;fei:i'c 
LIFE  BOATS  AlO^b  gi^EAM  YACHT 

BOAff  BtH!M)aRv     -^        <''*>      ** 
114th  Stbibt,  Hablim  Ritib,  and  368  Sooth  Sxmbj; 

■Mil'"  :^aw%-..<  f^-i»i  4..-;  A' «.  ^l-  --  '.".  ;.M-"  '.,  '       ■     » 


,.-M  illi?v   .ninr  ■'"■•(!  I  \'' 


jSiV  toBi. 


i,-d^  wt...m ')*  i*«.  6    -tut.Jli'J'. 


BOATS  Air»  OABJS'mnxvfio^Vib^  (fi  fat  ^AdifMf 
NoTiOB,  in  the  Best  StyK  of  t¥e  Art,  and  at  Lowest  Ftmm 


■>)  )jci«i5i'*'»5;v 


Wve  p«r  Mnt.  off  for  otdan  reeelvod  between  (be  mootbi  df  MnU0li«r  |M}< 


Ingersoirs      ; 
G-reat  American  I3oat 

AND    OAR    BAZAAR. 


/■.'I  ■' 


17   /.'.'■  1- 


,f     «i   ;  ■«•"■: 


(OvR  Bazaab,  169  South  Stribt,  Nkw  Yobk,  was  Es- 

TABLI8BID   IN    1828.) 


LARGEST  AND  CHEAPEST  ESTABLISHMENT  OF 
THE  KIND  IN  THE  WORLD  ! 


*rii 


Our  Boats  have  won  more  Regattas  than  those  of  any 
other  T^n  Builders  in  the  United  States.  All  kinds  of 
Sail  and  Stiah  Yachts. 

INGERSOLL'S  METALLIC  LIFE  BOATS  AND,  H 
BAFTS. 

J|9^0n1  HuMDBBB  B9AT8  ON  BAUD. 


"  At  th*  pratant  time,  there  are  in  thU  city  l^renty  Ftrme,  engaged  in  Boat 
BuUdlng.  Baoh  of  theae  Shop*  employti  an  arerage  of  three  men,  with  the 
exeeption  of  INOBBSOIX'S  BAZA4B,  irbare  from  On  HrniDani  to  Ttan 
HunsBiD  men  are  eqiplored.  Thia  is  the  Largeat  Boat  Bnllding  Bitahllah- 
ment  in  the  World."— [From  New  York  OommeKlal  Advertiaar. 


WOODBN  ARD  ntON  BOATS  or  all  «ihd9  aks  ^gifir 

OBItTIOKB  OV  HARD  ARD  BUILT  TO  OBDBB. 

STEAM  YACHT  bob  TEN  PERSONS,  Sbtbr  Hur- 


mmi  I11---1W 


n  I3oat 

A.R. 

W    YOBK,    WAS  Es- 


ILISHMENT  OF 

LLD I  «j 


ban  those  of  any 
Bs.     All    kinds  of 


BOATS  AND 


t,.i 


'  FiniM,  engaged  in  Boat 
di  three  men,  with  the 

HI    HmiDBni    TO   TbBM 

loat  Bailding  Xitabllfb- 
iTUtiaar. 

.   «IHD8  ASS  ^J|/k■ 
IB. 

NS,  SaTaM  Hva- 

.HI**'"* 


"T*- 


•V«ff1v<M«<MlflM 


■^ 


(       •        '■- 


H  "  ■*; 


if>^ 


X 


''*'^, 


.-^ 


,aAMai>wie*iJWiutwi 


■,mmM!M^M.xMm*u-im'i--^-s.s,-,f.'i'^;  ir  .n.<s!Ata^ti>Jte.4,!.  %vr^"yi>^ 


